Capital Punishment Annotated Bib

Chinmaya Sharma Field LNG 406 25 January 2011 Capital Punishment – Just: An Annotated Bibliography Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood: A True Account of A Multiple Murder and Its Consequences. New York: Vintage, 1994. Print. Crowe, Robert E. â€Å"Should Capital Punishment be Retained? Pro. † Congressional Digest Aug. 1927: 228+. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. Crowe believes the primary benefit of capital punishment is its usefulness in deterring any future criminal acts, particularly murders. He asserts the death penalty is the only punishment equal in value to the murders or other crimes for which capital punishment is sentenced. While attacking the United States government for its lack of criminal regulation, Crowe suggests capital punishment will instill fear in criminals and make them think twice before committing a violent crime. He states this fear of punishment is what protects citizens from the wrath of brutal murderers who, without the death penalty, would believe they have nothing to fear. Crowe proclaims someone who tries to nullify the death penalty in court is hampering the progress of the American government and is keeping the rest of society in danger. As the article continues, Crowe concurs that the feeling of being on the jury of a murder trial is one of the most difficult as you hold the life of a person in your hands. However, he believes people have the best interest of their society in mind. Crowe uses Chicago as an example of how capital punishment as resulted in the decrease in murders and other crimes. Throughout the rest of the article, Crowe discusses how the life of the victim is forever lost and the punishment should be proportionate to the rime, how even those who are deemed irresponsible should be sentenced to the death penalty for the better of society, and how there is proof of capital punishment deterring further crime. Crowe’s analysis of capital punishment and its justification is thorough, but only thorough in one aspect. The author focuses only on the deterring effect the death penalty has on crime and other murderers. His information is credible, but seems to be more focused on appealing to the emotion s rather than stating blatant facts. The source of this article is a congressional magazine. Therefore, staying within the limits of the slight bias, the information is coming from a credible source and should be valuable for my research and debate.. Due to the article dating back to the 1920s, the statistics and facts of this article may not be accurate. While some of my other research has focused on addressing counter-arguments, this article solidifies one strong point. Crowe’s argument revolves around the deterring effect of capital punishment on murders. Therefore, this article will provide a basis for my analysis of the societal results of the death penalty. I will also use the statements made by Crowe about how it is the moral duty of the justice system to protect and provide for the citizens for the country. By leaving these murders and criminals alive, he believes we are putting the rest of society at risk. This article will prove to be invaluable when addressing some of the issues such as societal safety and the overall effects of capital punishment on future criminal acts. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"Billy Budd and Capital Punishment. † American Literature. Web. 02 Feb. 2011. . â€Å"History: Early World and American Death Penalty Laws.   Death Penalty. Web. 02 Feb. 2011. . Johnson, Robert, and Sandra Smith. â€Å"Life Without Parole, America’s Other Death Penalty. â€Å"The Prison Journal. Sage Publications. Web. 30 Jan. 2011. . Life without parole is examined as a form of death penalty. The authors declare how life without parole is a true life punishment because the prisoners must live their lives knowing that th ey will never be allowed out. The two interview many of the prisoners and prison officers to understand the conditions, both mentally and physically, of the prisons in which these criminals stay. Smith and Johnson indicate the conditions of the prisons are ideal because they include food, a bed, recreation and many other commodities. The true impact comes from the emotional turmoil from knowing that the prison is where they will die. While many assume the life without parole prisoners must be a threat to society within and outside of the prison, the authors prove the emotional impact changes the criminals and makes them more respectable people The article also shows how these people feel so lonely and that is why life without parole is a viable alternative for the death penalty. Overall, this source will probably be the least used source out of my entire bibliography. I chose this source when I knew that my part of the argument would be about the conditions of prisons. However, the article does satisfy the part of my argument that shows how the prisons of these criminals are actually in perfect condition and how the prisoners enjoy the conditions while living there. Robert Johnson and Sandra Smith both work at large universties and are publishing a significant article. Therefore, I believe this article is reliable and the information should be credible. The goal of the source is to show how life without parole is not as good as everyone believes it is. The source is objective because it shows both good and bad aspects of prison. I will use this source to help prove my point about the condition of the prisons. Johnson and Smith both indicate how the conditions are fantastic with food and recreation. These conditions are better than many of the conditions of people living in America. I will also utilize the first-hand account of one of the prisoners to back up my argument. It will fit perfectly into the body of my argument by shaping how I explain how tax-payers’ money is furnishing a lavish living style of these criminals compared to what they were in before. Hopefully, this evidence will help convince people that the minor cost difference that may occur at times between life without parole and capital punishment is miniscule when considering the broader aspect. Sharp, Dudley. â€Å"Death Penalty Paper. †Ã‚  Pro-death Penalty. Web. 30 Jan. 2011. . Sharp’s article assesses every aspect of the capital punishment argument. He starts by indicating how the anti-death penalty movement has overwhelmed the debate and has filled people’s minds with lies which have no substantial evidence. He states how capital punishment is the only punishment which fits the amplitude of the crime. When addressing the risk of a innocent man being executed, he explains how the statistics given by most people are incorrect. In the United States, there have only been a minute amount of cases where an innocent man was executed. Sharp illustrates the lack of mistakes involving the death penalty. Sharp continues to summarize how the death penalty is a deterrent to crime and how this fact is conclusive and irrefutable. He also states how capital punishment makes American society a safer place to live. Throughout the rest of the article, Sharp talks about a variety of topics including race and the death penalty, cost of capital punishment versus life without parole, death penalty procedures and the relation between Christianity and capital punishment. Sharps analysis of every argument makes this article absolutely perfect for the debate supporting capital punishment. For every point he makes, he provides a resource and occasionally a justification if numbers should be altered. Since this site is primarily about supporting capital punishment, a small bias maybe evident in his writing. He seems to be a credible source because he works as the Death Penalty Resources Director at Justice For All. I think his article could be used for a variety of purposes because he encompasses all of the major points supporting capital punishment. He frequently takes information from the Death Penalty Information Center, reinforcing his credibility. I think this article will be valuable to be because of the statistics and information it uses to show how capital punishment is actually cheaper then life without parole. Unlike most of the other sites I have looked at, it actually provides calculations step by step and justification if certain numbers are only estimates and how these estimates were made. Sharp does not leave any part of the argument with a weak end. Since my argument is the cost between death penalty and life without parole, this article will almost suffice as all I need. I believe it will be very difficult to refute evidence which is so precise such as the information Sharp has provided. This article will help show that the death penalty is cheaper than life without parole. Stanton, Edward C. â€Å"Should Capital Punishment be Retained? Pro. † Congressional Digest Aug. 1927: 232+. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 25 Jan. 2011. Stanton’s article assesses each specific argument made by people supporting the abolishment of capital punishment and provides a logical and complete rebuttal. After reviewing past articles and statements made by these abolitionists, Stanton states that most of these people are sentimentalists who have completely battered the minds of readers into a state of submission. Through the use of two court cases in the past few years in which murderers were given a lighter sentence than they deserved, the author reiterates sentimentalists brainwash and destroy the backbone of juries. Furthermore, Stanton provides statistics demonstrating the increase of homicides in the United States. Stanton declares most of the sentimentalists lack experience dealing directly with murders which makes their statements difficult to believe. Throughout the rest of the article, the author indicates several of the arguments these sentimentalists put forth and counters with his own support of capital punishment. Stanton includes counter-arguments against all of the following: choosing life-imprisonment over capital punishment, giving opportunities to the criminals, capital punishment being a practice of the past, and the chance of having an innocent person convicted and executed. Stanton provides a substantial and thorough analysis of why capital punishment should be maintained as a policy in the United States. His information seems credible as he uses several statistics and court cases to reinforce his statements. Stanton may be slightly biased because he has dealt with murders in the past, but this also contributes to his authenticity. The information is quite reliable as it comes from a congressional magazine. This article primarily focuses on telling the complete truth about capital punishment and convincing people capital punishment is a just form of punishment. Stanton tries to eliminate the flowery and false information sentimentalists provide for readers. The only negative aspect of this article is it dates back to the 1920s. Therefore, the statistics cannot be used for present-day. Stanton’s article on capital punishment satisfies one of the requirements for my debate. He provides an answer for many of the points the other team may use. The article shapes how I will write my rebuttal by providing information which would counter most of the arguments put forth by those arguing capital punishment as an unjust form of punishment. Stanton solidifies my view that capital punishment deters criminals from committing the worst crimes because they fear the death penalty. He also addresses the fear of executing people are innocent of a crime. Since the chance of a false conviction is so small, any doubt that the death penalty is a proper form of punishment for those criminals with unforgiveable crimes should be forgotten. Stanton’s views coincide with my own and provide a solid base for a rebuttal in the debate.

Neurological Features Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Health And Social Care Essay

Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune connective tissue upset, which has variable clinical manifestations that range from mild to life-threatening. Young adult females between their late teens and early 40s have a much higher prevalence in developing SLE, with a female to male ratio of 9:1 [ 7 ] . In the United States ( U.S. ) for illustration, Lawrence et Al. [ 8 ] reported that SLE appeared to be more common in black adult females than in other population groups. One U.S. retrospective survey of patient medical records, by McCarty et Al. [ 9 ] found that the disease was diagnosed 23 times more frequently in black adult females. Certain cultural groups besides appear to demo a higher prevalence, such as people with Afro – Caribbean [ 127 – 129 ] or African beginning [ 130 – 133 ] . The world-wide prevalence of SLE ranges between 12 and 50 per 100,000. These figures vary and are related to location and to the patient ‘s ethnicity every bit good as better acknowledgment of the disease today [ 10 ] . Factors such as sunshine, the part of infection, oestrogen endocrines, emphasis and drugs may precipitate the disease and there is besides a complex familial footing [ 11 ] . It has been reported by Deapen et Al. [ 12 ] that a familial factor in the sensitivity to the disease is reflected by 25 % harmony in indistinguishable twins. Many of the recent familial findings, [ 13, 14 ] seem sensible from a mechanistic point of view: they identify cistrons with of import functions in the immune system ; on occasion in concurrence with functional informations of the allelomorphs tested that besides fit the paradigm of loss of self-tolerance. Familial lacks of complement besides plays a function, [ 15 ] with C1q, C1r, C1s C4, and C2 being the most of import of the complement proteins, [ 16 ] nevertheless, no individual cause for SLE has been identified. Recent information, [ 17 ] besides suggested that a about omnipresent virus Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) might besides play a facilitating function [ 18 – 22 ] . A case-control survey, by James et Al. [ 23 ] demonstrated that EBV antibodies were present in 99 % , and EBV DNA was present in 100 % of the kids and immature grownups who had SLE, which was significantly higher than those in the control group. Despite this, the association between active EBV infection and the precipitation of SLE remains ill-defined. Neuropsychiatric manifestations are progressively recognised in patients with SLE. These include a broad assortment of neurological and psychiatric characteristics that account for considerable morbidity and mortality in these patients. They besides involve both the cardinal and peripheral nervous systems and scope from elusive abnormalcies of cognitive disfunction and anxiousness to obvious manifestations, such as shot, ictuss and psychosis. This article through systematic published literature, efforts to summarize the of import neurological characteristics of cardinal nervous system disease of SLE.Clinical PresentationThe widely recognised presentation of a immature female showing with inflammatory arthritis and a butterfly roseola on the face ( Fig 1 ) is comparatively uncommon [ 7 ] . Non-specific symptoms of unease, weariness, arthralgia, unwritten ulcers, radiosensitivity, lymphadenopathy, pleuritic thorax strivings, concerns, parathesiae, symptoms of dry eyes and oral cavity, Raynaud ‘s phenomenon and mild hair loss are the more likely presentations [ 24 ] . Fig 1. Typical â€Å" butterfly † -like roseola over the cheeks in SLE [ 24 ] . The diagnosing of SLE of single patients hence requires certain clinical and laboratory informations, [ 25 ] based on the widely accepted modified ( 1997 ) standards suggested by the American College of Rheumatology ( ACR ) ( although intended, and in fact more utile for research and curative test intents ) ( Table 1 ) [ 26 ] . The agencies to early diagnosing is in the clinical rating of patients. It should include a complete ‘systems ‘ reappraisal with scrutiny and subsequent probes, guided by the extent of organ involvement [ 7 ] . For illustration, in primary attention, a diagnosing of SLE or a related upset is often evident after clinical rating, uranalysis for blood and protein. Probes such as a full blood count ( FBC ) , which frequently shows an anemia or a cytopenia, nephritic and liver map trials and acute stage reactants: a high erythrocyte deposit rate ( ESR ) with a normal C reactive protein ( CRP ) concentration are characteristic. A simple algorithm for the diagnosing of SLE is provided as an illustration ( Fig 2 ) [ 25 – 29 ] .Central nervous system diseaseHistoryCentral nervous system ( CNS ) engagement in SLE was foremost described by Kaposi in 1872 [ 1 ] . Osler in 1903 was the first to describe a perennial focal intellectual ischemia in SLE [ 2 ] . Libman and Sacks [ 3 ] described endocarditis in SLE in 1924. The association of the lupus d ecoagulant ( LA ) and thrombosis in patients with SLE was described by Bowie et Al. [ 4 ] in 1963, and in 1968 Johnson and Richardson reported neuropathlogical findings in 24 instances of SLE [ 5 ] . In 1988, Devinsky et Al. [ 6 ] reported on an necropsy survey of 50 SLE patients ; 10 of whom had embolic intellectual infarcts, five caused by Libman-Sacks endocarditis and four from other cardiac beginnings.Neurological characteristicsCNS disease is extremely diverse and remains a challenge in footings of pathogenesis, appraisal and intervention and it is now better to see CNS disease in footings of separate syndromes. It is a serious but potentially treatable unwellness, which still presents really hard diagnostic challenges. The ACR defines 19 different syndromes in its categorization for the neurological complications of SLE ( Table 2 ) , as opposed to old uncomplete footings such as cardinal nervous system lupus, neurolupus or lupus cerebritis [ 30 ] . CNS engagement is reported to happen in 14 – 70 % of SLE patients [ 31 ] . The most common neurological manifestations of SLE are the organic brain disorders, which comprises of all the possible fluctuations of acute confusion, lassitude, or coma ; chronic dementedness ; depression, passion, or other affectional perturbations ; or psychosis.ConcernOf the more often encountered CNS complications, concerns are highly common. Fernandez-Nebro et Al. [ 32 ] and Raskin et Al. [ 33 ] stated that up to 40 % of persons experience severe disenabling concerns at least one time per twelvemonth. There are, nevertheless three controlled surveies in the literature on chronic or episodic concern [ 34 ] that can non be tracked back to other SLE syndromes [ 32, 35 ] .. The consequences are instead conflicting, nevertheless, and do non let for a unequivocal decision. For illustration, a nexus between megrim and SLE activity and ‘flare – ups ‘ has decidedly non been established [ 34, 35 ] . If future research confirms that megrim is so induced by SLE, the neurological load would still be overestimated by including megrim without limitation in the list of SLE neurological standards. Early surveies showed that concerns might react to corticosteroid intervention and this proved to be more effectual than the conventional anti-migraine therapy used in commanding concerns in SLE patients [ 36, 37 ] . A clear differentiation between CNS manifestations due to SLE and those due to antiphospholipid ( Hughes ) syndrome ( APS ) has been indicated [ 7 ] . An association of megrim concern with antiphospholipid antibodies ( APAs ) has been suggested, [ 38 ] nevertheless, more recent surveies have found no such nexus [ 35 ] .SeizuresSeizures are the following most frequent neurological complication and are known to happen in 14-25 % of patients ( compared with 0.5-1 % in the general population ) [ 39 ] . Seizures may ensue from intellectual vasculitis, cardiac intercalation, timeserving infection, drug poisoning, or associated metabolic mental unsoundnesss. They are more likely to be associated with APS than with intellectual vasculitis, which is highly rare in clinical pattern [ 40 ] . Electrolyte perturbation and medicative effects should be excluded, particularly those ensuing from antidepressants, stimulating medicines to handle weariness, or backdown from depressants or intoxicant. The primary neurological presentation of SLE is more common than originally thought ( 10/41 patients ) and included both ictuss ( 4 instances ) and motion upsets including Parkinsonism and chorea ( 4 instances ) [ 41 ] . Higher overall frequences of ictuss ( 42 % ) ; an early manifestation in 27 % , and in 10 % ictuss were the first SLE symptom seen. Epileptic ictuss are among the most common CNS manifestations in SLE. In separate surveies, Sibley et al. , [ 42 ] Steinlin et al. , [ 43 ] and Brinciotti et Al. [ 44 ] demonstrated that generalised tonic-clonic ictuss ( once known as expansive mal ictuss ) , simple and complex partial ictuss, automatic ictuss and position eliepticus all occur [ 45 ] . It is presumed that most ictuss in patients with SLE would be elicited by vascular abnormalcies in the encephalon, or would be either due to CNS infections or secondary to other marks, but this can non ever be demonstrated. In a big retrospective survey, in 18 out of 266 patients, ictuss were non attributable to any cause other than SLE [ 42 ] . Table 1. ACR Classification Criteria for SLE [ 26 ] The diagnosing of SLE requires the presence of four or more of the following 11 standards at the same time or in sequence ( besides see algorithm in Fig 2 ) .SLE standardDefinition or illustrationsSerositis Pleuritis – pleuritic hurting, Pleuralrub, pleural gush Pericarditis – Electrocardiogram alterations, pericardiac hang-up, pericardiac gush Oral ulcers Frequently painless sores Arthritis Nonerosive – two or more peripheral articulations affected Photosensitivity Skin roseola as a consequence of unusual reaction to sunlight Blood Hematologic upset Hemolytic anemia Leucopenia Lymphopenia Thrombocytopenia Nephritic upset Proteinuria ( with 3+ or more protein noted in urinalysis specimen or 0.5 g of protein/day ) Cellular dramatis personaes in piss Antinuclear antibody Antibodies to atomic components Immunological upset Anti- DNA antibodies Anti – Samarium antibodies Antiphospholipid antibodies Neurological upset Seizures Psychosis Malar roseola Fixed erythema over the malar distinctions Discoid roseola Erythematosus raised spots may mark ECG = EKG A mnemonic to retrieve the 11 symptoms is ‘SOAP BRAIN MD ‘ . Table 2. The neurological complications of SLE [ 30 ] Central nervous system Neurological Aseptic meningitis Cerebrovascular disease Multifocal subacute lesions Headache ( including megrim and idiopathic intracranial high blood pressure ) Motion upsets ( peculiarly chorea ) Myelopathy Seizure upset Psychiatric Acute confusional province Anxiety upset Cognitive map Temper upset Psychosis Peripheral nervous system Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy ( Guillain – Barre syndrome ) Autonomic upset Cranial neuropathy Mononeuropathy, individual or manifold Myastheia gravis Plexopathy PolyneuropathyDiagnosis of SLEPatient showing with disease manifestations affecting two or more organ systems ANA proving Titre a†°? 1:40 Titre & lt ; 1:40 See referral to rheumatologist for full Strong statement against SLE rating, including the followers: SLE ; alternate account ACR diagnostic standards ( see Table 1 ) for organ system Lab trials: full blood count, uranalysis, manifestations should be serum creatinine degree and antiphospholipid, pursued anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies Explanation found No account Zero to three Four or more Sufficient to See referral to ACR standards ACR standards regulation out SLE rheumatologist if inquiry of SLE or uncomplete SLE remains No SLE or SLE Incomplete SLE Fig 2. An algorithm for the diagnosing of SLE. ( ANA = antinuclear antibody ; ACR = American College of Rheumatology ; anti-dsDNA = antibody to duplicate isolated DNA antigen ; antiSm = antibody to Sm atomic antigen ) . Information from mentions: [ 25 – 29 ] Stroke and perennial transient ischemic onslaughts ( TIAs ) are among the CNS diagnoses seen in 3-15 % of instances ; although these figures vary harmonizing to the literature [ 46 – 48 ] . Annual shots were calculated for illustration, utilizing informations from 91 patients with SLE observed for 599 patient-years. It was found that the shot rate dropped from 6.6 % in twelvemonth 1 to 0.6 % during old ages 6-10 [ 46 ] . The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-9 ) codification for SLE, estimated that ‘cerebrovascular accidents ‘ were 10 times more frequent in 18 to 44 twelvemonth old females with SLE, than in those of similar age without the disease [ 49 ] . The frequence of ‘cerebrovascular accidents ‘ were about twice as frequent in in-between age ( 45-64 year ) , whereas in old age, the frequence was found to be somewhat below normal. APAs have one time once more been implicated, as shown by Provenzale et Al [ 50 ] . Neuroimaging surveies suggested no important differences in the incidence of multifocal little white affair lesions, or of big vas shots, between patients with primary or secondary APS. Harmonizing to the literature, subarachnoid bleeding in SLE is good documented [ 47, 51 – 55 ] , nevertheless, by far the most studies of this are from one state: Japan. A survey by Mimori et Al. [ 56 ] of the medical records of patients with SLE in one Nipponese Centre, covering a 20 twelvemonth period, revealed that 10 of 258 patients had at some clip experienced a ( clinically defined ) subarachnoid bleeding. Figures in the literature on TIAs in SLE indicate that the overall incidence is raised [ 46, 48, 57 ] .Aseptic meningitisAcute, chronic or recurrent sterile meningitis is a rare manifestation of SLE. The term is frequently used for a meningeal syndrome of non-infectious beginning with some grade of nuchal rigidness ( neck stiffness ) and with increased white cells ( pleocytosis ) in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) [ 26, 58 ] . Pathologically, meningeal redness is found in about fifth part of patients [ 59 ] . SLE should be considered in any patient who ab initio presents with a meningitic image and in whom beings have non been identified, particularly if the meningitis is perennial. Aseptic meningitis has been reported in patients with shot or ‘ischaemic encephalon lesions ‘ ; vasculitis was non demonstrated, but was non ruled out [ 60, 61 ] . There are studies of sterile meningitis following non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( even after merely a individual tablet ) in SLE and assorted connective tissue disease. Jolles et Al. [ 62 ] stated that up to 60 % of patients with SLE are estimated to hold CNS symptoms associated with redness at some clip during their unwellness, and that this could predispose them to drug-induced sterile meningitis ( DIAM ) . Maignen et Al. [ 63 ] suggested that assorted drugs ( non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as isobutylphenyl propionic acid and Clinoril, antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole, trimethoprim, Cipro and assorted drugs such as carbamazepine, human immune globulin and muromonab CD3 ) can be associated with development of DIAM and those patients with SLE and/or connective tissue upsets are at a higher hazard. Ibuprofen for illustration, has been reported on a figure of occasions as a cause of sterile meningitis, particularly in patients with SLE [ 64, 65 ] . The exact mechanism for the reaction to these agents is non to the full understood, but it is speculated that APAs perchance have a function. Meningeal symptoms occur a few hours after drug consumption and decide without sequelae within one or two yearss after the drug is withdrawn. Chorea, although rare, is frequently quoted as the classical neurological characteristic of SLE [ 43 ] . There are conflicting studies, as suggested by Janvas et Al. [ 66 ] and Cervera et Al. [ 67, 68 ] in respect to its incidence, runing from 1-4 % . It can develop at any clip, but is more likely to look during an ague flair, which has led some research workers to propose that it could be used as a marker of disease activity, where there is a reported return rate of up to 25 % . It has besides been associated with shot [ 69 ] and with idiopathic intracranial high blood pressure and dural fistula thrombosis in kids [ 70 ] . It is non yet clear, nevertheless, whether it is due to a vascular abuse or to antibody-induced neural disfunction [ 71, 72 ] . Psychiatric perturbations range from temper and personality upsets to psychosis, the latter being defined as a psychotic upset, harmonizing to the standards of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) [ 73 ] . No alone clinical image is seen, but three comparatively distinguishable forms can be discerned: ‘pure ‘ behavioural or psychiatric unwellness without overcasting of consciousness, subacute encephalopathy/encephalitis, and dementedness. Affectional upsets, peculiarly anxiousness and depression are the most common ( e.g. in 103 of 414 outpatients from two surveies and 19 of 43 hospitalised patients from another survey ) , though non in similar proportions in the surveies [ 74 – 76 ] . It has, nevertheless, non been shown that these upsets occur more often in patients with SLE [ 77 ] than in those with arthritic arthritis or other chronic diseases [ 78 – 80 ] . The association with psychotic episodes – ‘lupus psychosis ‘ – is more dependable [ 81 ] , although its differentiation from corticoid induced psychosis can be hard. In a big and frequently quoted retrospective survey, 11 of 266 patients developed psychosis during a average follow-up period of at least 90 months [ 42 ] . Delusions, ocular and audile hallucinations, catatonia and transition upsets are all good recognised [ 82 ] . Dementia is a normally recognized complication, although small elaborate published information is available. Harmonizing to DSM-IV, ‘cognitive upset ‘ can be compensated for at least partly ; the diagnosing therefore requires neuropsychological appraisal [ 73 ] . The per centum of patients with SLE enduring from cognitive upset varies among surveies. For illustration, an overall incidence of cognitive alterations in SLE of 55 % has been suggested [ 83, 84 ] . In four surveies, these figures varied from 21-35 % , [ 85 – 88 ] and from 43-67 % in two other surveies [ 89, 90 ] . All these fluctuations are due in portion to different cut-offs that were chosen for normalcy by these different writers. Furthermore some writers [ 91, 92 ] contend that the grade of cognitive upset fluctuates over clip, but this is disputed by others [ 88 ] . Two possible causes of cognitive upset have been suggested: little vas vasculopathy and an antibody mediated consequence on neural operation [ 85, 93 ] . Perturbations of the cranial [ 94 – 97 ] and peripheral nervousnesss – individual and manifold [ 98 ] , rete [ 99, 100 ] , sensorimotor [ 101 – 103 ] , and autonomic lesions [ 102, 104 – 106 ] , myasthenia gravis [ 107, 108 ] , and Guillain-Barre syndrome [ 109 – 111 ] , have all been reported in SLE, albeit with limited survey.Antiphospholipid syndrome ( Hughes syndrome )The ‘antiphospholipid syndrome ‘ ( APS ) was first described in patients with SLE ( secondary APS ) , but may happen in the absence of any other upset ( primary APS ) . In other words, the branchings of this syndrome extend beyond SLE, to all subjects of medical specialty. An emerg ing impression is the differentiation between CNS manifestations due to SLE and those caused by APS [ 112 ] . Some constituents of APS have been recognised since the 1950s, but the complete syndrome was non to the full described until 1983 [ 113 ] . Since so the categorization standards have been updated to include manifestations non antecedently distinctive [ 114 ] . Categorization standards for ruinous APS have been validated, and a world-wide registry set up to enter clinical informations for these rare patients in order to analyze intervention and results [ 115 ] . A description of the clinical characteristics of 1000 patients with this syndrome remains the largest of such series [ 116 ] . It is defined as the association of antiphospholipid antibodies ( APAs ) with arterial or venous thrombosis, perennial fetal loss, thrombopenia or neurological upsets such as shot and TIAs, transverse myelopathy, chorea and migrainous concern. Primary APS, nevertheless seldom progresses to SLE. One survey carried out on 128 patients over a 9 twelvemonth period showed that merely 8 % developed SLE ; where a positive antiglobulin trial was used as a clinically important forecaster of patterned advance [ 117 ] . The spectrum of clinical characteristics of APS continues to broaden with descriptions of nephritic arteria stricture [ 118 ] , metatarsal breaks [ 119 ] , avascular mortification [ 120 ] , and abnormalcies of vascular map [ 121 ] . Accelerated atheroma has become a major focal point of research in persons that have APS, with probes demoing cross-reactivity of antiphospholipids with oxidised LDL and early marks of arterial disease in these peculiar patients [ 121, 122 ] . George and Shoenfield [ 123 ] have termed APS as the ‘crossroads of autoimmunity and coronary artery disease ‘ . The contentions of intervention of APS remain, chiefly in footings of the sum of anticoagulation required to forestall perennial thrombosis. Two prospective surveies by Crowther et Al. [ 124 ] and Finazzi et Al. [ 125 ] indicated that a high-intensity government of anticoagulation, with international normalized ratios ( INRs ) above 3.0, were no better than conventional therapy with INRs of 2.0-3.0 in the bar of perennial thrombosis. This contradicted old retrospective informations. A farther survey by Levine et Al. [ 126 ] added drift to this research by proposing that positive baseline antiphospholipids in shot patients failed to foretell future cerebro-vascular occlusive accidents. It besides stated that everyday showing for antiphospholipids was non warranted. The survey has later been criticised as flawed, in that it was non designed to turn to the issue of testing and that merely one baseline measuring was used. Most physicians hence, still see antiphospholipid proving as being indispensable, particularly in immature shot victims.DecisionSLE was one time considered a rare disease with a universally fatal result. The past 20 old ages, nevertheless have shown that this upset is more common than originally thought and that it is treatable, with the bulk of patients now holding about normal life spans. One must be cognizant, nevertheless, that a patient who is diagnosed with SLE at 20 old ages of age still has a 1 in 6 opportunity of deceasing by 35 old ages o f age, largely from the disease itself and/or related infections. Reducing the cardiovascular hazard, which still claims significant loss of life, is besides of major importance. The neurological characteristics of cardinal nervous system disease of SLE are easy get downing to be unravelled, although there are still many inquiries that need to be answered. Delay in diagnosing, particularly in patients with low-grade disease, remains debatable. The staying challenges are in bettering the quality of life for these peculiar patients by bettering the symptoms of SLE. For illustration we will necessitate to develop biomarkers and neuroimaging trials for SLE – associated neuropsychiatric disease that have the ability to place the implicit in pathological mechanism and steer curative determinations [ 134 ] , which will hopefully ensue in more effectual intervention for this potentially dangerous unwellness.

Marries Is Better Than Being Single

ed is MARRIED IS BETTER THAN BEING SINGLE There are lots of discussion and arguments about to being single or getting married nowadays. The new generation might not willing to bound into marriage life and they wish to remain in single life so they can have more privacy, freedom and the commitment of   responsibilities. However, marriage is union ordained by God and it is also a wonderful union of two people in love. It is unique, opposite-sex union with legal, social, economic and spiritual dimensions. Getting married does bring a lot of advantages to a person either family.The biggest advantage for getting married is emotional stability. Married people treat their own family as shelter and they can feel secure and relax when staying together with their family. Family provides a peace and comfort zone for those married people to restore their energy. Marriage can helps the couple to become more tolerant, unselfish, caring and more responsible. Its provide a chances for the husband and wife to grow with and sharing their life’s challenges, rewards and sorrows with a person who actually knows and understand what you going through and feels the same frequency.There are a lots of difficulties have to learn by marriage people as that is not easiest to living with someone for the rest of their life. They have to overcome all the problems facing by them and to learn how to take care of others feeling, patience, emotion control, temper, time management and attitude towards their family. In a marriage life, there are always someone’s to hear your companions. It is good to have someone there to have a share, to bounce ideas or to have a witty exchange of remarks.Companionship among the married peoples also offers support and can be particularly important at times of trouble or stress. At such times, married people have distinct advantages over being single. The other advantage for marriage is that allows couples to pool their both incomes to share the cos t of living and debts, save more money for retirement and doing investment. The married people can also sharing a house, car and food so they can enjoy save cost for basic living conditions compare with a single person.Therefore, people who are married become less poverty but more wealth and their money goes further. It is because, they tend to specialize, exchange, and share roles and functions in ways to generate higher earnings, encourage savings, helping each other’s to restrain from impulse spending, and generally leave the family financially better off. Marriage can also leads to better health and greater longevity for people. There are more likely to enjoy better physical health. The spouses are intimately aware of and impacted by their spouse’s choices.In a sense, couples have a significant vested interest in watching out for one another and encouraging healthy choices and behaviour. For example, the wife might not allow her husband drinking, smoking or other u nnecessary risk-taking and also control his weights. Compared to single, divorced or widowed people, the married people experience less depression, anxiety, and other types of psychological distress. Besides, the married people will have active, satisfying and safety sex lives compared with single people. The married people tend to have more sex because it costs them less in time, money and psychic energy.They have find it more satisfying because their sex partner is more available, less distracted, more eager and more secure and able to please. The higher levels of satisfaction for married couples is related to the fact that marriage adds meaning to the sexual act because it symbolizes a union that is based on sexual fidelity, stronger commitment and emotional intimacy. It had increased their commitment and their sense of responsibility, and had generally strengthened their relationships. In addition, the married life can brings greater safety towards the married people and expand their social network.It’s because, the married people have companion to visit places together, visit friends or holiday together. For the single person, that is far more difficult as often modern social life is geared around ‘couples' and the single person can often feel left out or sometimes, simply not invited. At times, perhaps, having children might seem to impede their social life but it just brings a change in your social life and much of that social life involves being with your children. Lastly, married people will create a family with a new and challenging life instead of boring life compared with single people.Families are created and held together by the lifelong commitment of a man and a woman who live cooperatively and raise and nurture the children born to them. Families are the building block essential to the formation of a community, and strong social structure arises from the foundation many families provide. A thriving society and culture depend on sta ble marriages. For example, as marriage declines in a culture,  the state must spend more money and care for children who less of the financial stability with divorce family background.Strong marriages statuses are at the heart of thriving family and community. In conclusion, getting married is better than being single as there married leads to emotional stability, financial stability, train the couples become more independent and responsible, better health and greater longevity, have wonderful sexual life, easy to expand social networks and have a new challenging life instead of boring life compared to single people. Getting married is not an easy but it does bring a lot of meaningful to individuals, family and the community.

Quasi-Experimental Designs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quasi-Experimental Designs - Assignment Example vi). Single-case designs or single-case research designs are used to studies that factor in individual organism variances than group designs, which emphasize on mean averages of groups (Jackson, 2013). Single-case designs are used where a test subject’s behavioral trends are variables of significance in an experiment. This research design is also used in evaluating the effect of treatments on an individual or personal attributes in applied research (Jackson, 2013). viii). A multiple-baseline research design involves the measurement of multiple persons, settings or traits before and after assignment to experimental treatment. Treatments are administered, at different times, to ensure that changes are due to treatment and not by chance (Jackson, 2013). Reversal experimental design involves measurement of behavior or traits during a baseline periods (A), at the introduction of treatments (B), reinstatement of conditions preceding baseline period (A) and during of the reintroducti on of the treatment (B) (Jackson, 2013). Question #2 Quasi-experiments are used, in empirical studies, to estimate the impact and influence of an intervention or treatment on its target sample population, and they do not use random assignment (Jackson, 2011). Quasi-experimental designs allow a researcher to control the assignment to the treatment condition, using some criterion other than random assignment (Jackson, 2012). This is in the sense that a researcher controls the assignment to the treatment condition, and can in some cases, a researcher can lack control over the assignment to the treatment condition. Quasi-experimental designs are predisposed to quality concerns regarding internal validity because treatment and control groups, in some instances cannot be comparable at baseline levels. This is unlike random experiments where either subjects have a chance of being assigned to the comparison or the intervention group (Jackson, 2012). The advantages of quasi-experimental desi gns are that they are used when randomized experimental designs are impractical and unethical. Quasi experiments are easier to prepare than ‘true experimental designs’ which require random assignment to participants or subjects (Jackson, 2012). The use of quasi-experimental designs eliminates or diminishes threats to external validity because natural environments are not susceptible to the same problems of artificiality compared to well-controlled laboratory setting. Quasi-experimental designs allow their findings to be applied to other subjects and settings, creating a precedent where generalizations can be made about populations (Jackson, 2012). This is because this design type is considered a natural experiment, which makes its findings applicable to other settings and participants. Quasi experiments are efficient especially in longitudinal research studies, which involve longer experimental periods, and can be followed up in different environmental settings. Quasi-e xperimental designs give the researcher manipulation options to choose from. This is in the sense that, in natural experiments, manipulations occur on their own accord because researchers have no control over their occurrence. The use of self-selected groups in this design type eliminates the chance of conditional and ethical concerns in the process of conducting the experiment (Jackson, 2012). Estimates or findings in quasi-experimenta

Performance Measurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Measurement - Assignment Example The weighing will be done in terms of reviewing, comparing and evaluating the two systems to know which of them produces the best performance, effectiveness and efficiency in the execution of fire and emergency duties. The research is undertaken by the use of an evaluative research method, where the researcher seeks to review the two systems by setting very standardized modalities of assessment. The modalities basically include the weaknesses and strengths of the two systems. The research is conducted in a qualitative manner, where conclusions will b drawn for which of the systems is best for specific scenarios of task, based on the outcome of the assessment modalities. The first system is the fire suppression rating schedule (FSRS), which is an adaptation of the Insurance Service Office (ISO) grading system. The ISO (2014) observed that the ISO grading system has two major focal points which are the evaluation of fire prevention and fire suppression capabilities. In both cases however, greater composition of attention is placed on communities and fire protection areas. In the first instance, the system seeks to identify mechanisms put in place by the communities and fire prevention areas as means of avoiding the occurrence of fire and other forms of emergency all together. The FSRS and for that matter ISO can therefore be said to be preventive in nature. In the second instance, the system makes admonition of possible occurrence of fire and emergency situations, no matter the kinds of prevention approaches put in place. Consequently, there are fire suppression capabilities that are measured by the system. By fire suppression capabilities, reference is being made to the ability of the community or fire prevention area to ensure that even in the instance of fire, there can be control of it at its very early stages. The rationale behind this is that fire tends to cause more harm to lives and

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) - Essay Example Hopefully, they are capable of helping us in being prudent, as well as careful when it comes to making decisions in that these utopian dreams do not end up being policy-state nightmares (Collins 12). The word dystopia comes from the Greek sources dys-, signifying obscene or difficult, while topos, stands for place; therefore dystopia means a dreadful place, characterized by the dejection of the human spirit, extensive misery, malaise, as well as hopelessness. This is a place whereby people tend to endure what seems like superficial or unsatisfying lives deprived of meaning. Life has turned out to be full of possibilities that are unlocking at a speed that is unpredictable between thrilling and terrifying. Though there is some familiarity, this situation seems to be familiar and safe, while at the same time continuing to tug people; however, in spite of their desire to get away from it, it is impossible considering that, their old life constricts as much as it comforts. As a result, t hey get their drive from both their inner need, as well as their outside pressures in making choices. Meanwhile, the authorities that people look up to tend to be not only to be manipulative, but also harsh; while they are the ones creating the larger world, whereby they are extremely busy shoving the people into. These people in the high authorities have failed in correcting this mess, both in their personal lives and society. In covering up their mess, they want people to get out there and mend their mistakes especially at a moment when worry over the looming collapse of their entire socio-economic structure is about to be uncovered. This makes the world not only cruel, but also scary, even dystopian (George, Nicolas & William 15). This is the life that the modern world revolves around; the only people who are incapable imagining how terrible this situation, despite the fact that they are living this life are the teenagers. This is an era consumed with economic uncertainty, conspi racy theories, not forgetting the fear of environmental collapse. Although the Western civilization was accredited for producing literary utopias, in the past century of world wars, murderous, totalitarian regimes, nuclear threat, as well as ?nancial panics, dystopias have by far outnumbered sunny projections due to a number of orders of magnitude. This has led to pessimistic depictions concerning the future everywhere in the popular culture; unfortunately, teens and teen books are incapable of escaping these larger trends in society. This is a clear indication of the origins of dystopia (Karen, Craig & Patrick 27). Recently, dystopian literature ha been compared to utopian, which has particularly been inspired by the trends of industrialization, class conflict, rationalization, together with the increasing pace of change. Apparently, these things have only turned out to be more pronounced as time passes by, together with the addition issues such as environmental destruction, gender equality, as well as racial bigotry (Pepper 36). Similarly to being the case with The Hunger Games, there are issues such as the age that have also played a key role in this matter.

Importance of Ethical Behavior Among Employees. Why Do Good People Do Research Paper

Importance of Ethical Behavior Among Employees. Why Do Good People Do Bad Things at Work - Research Paper Example It is the responsibility of the decision makers to take proper moral perspective of the ethical manner in which they should be behaving that will be favorable for the company at large. To choose the right kind of ethical approach in conducting business activities, it may sometimes be necessary to shift from the path of short term profits. The idea is to maintain balance between what is right and what is profitable which may apparently seem difficult. In order to ensure a sustainable business in the long run, the need is to integrate the ethical principles with the company’s strategy. Lack of ethical behavior and social responsibilities can reduce motivation among employees resulting in poor performance and lower profit. Business ethics and social responsibility can have significant positive impacts on the company. A business conducted in an ethical manner can gain the trust of customers which can result in increased sales and profit. Employees will enjoy favorable working cond itions thus encouraging them to remain an integral part of the company which will reduce employee turnover. Aspiring employees will want to work with the company and this can reduce recruitment cost, and also the company will be able to attract the most talented people to join the company. More investors will want to buy shares of the company leading to increase in the price of shares, and this can protect the company from takeover. This paper explores the importance of ethics in employees’ behavior and what motivates them to behave in an ethical manner. Over the last few decades, the growing importance of ethical behavior in business organizations is becoming evident with more and more companies implementing ethics systems in their management. The subject is increasingly being emphasized in course studies of business management. However, there are still organizations that do not recognize the need of ethical behavior, and are still treading the traditional belief that busine ss activities should be focused only on profit maximization. However, general analysis on this subject has concluded that a business organization shoulders the responsibility of ethical behavior, and it does not only entail satisfying the shareholders, but also others who are associated with the business like employees and customers. Implementation of proper ethical management system can lead to an ethical culture among employees thereby improving the overall moral quality of the company. Nevertheless, many organizations still do not consider ethics as important enough to be considered in management systems. These organizations regard ethics as an external factor that has nothing to do with the activities of a business. The fact that business is conducted by human beings and so ethics need to be considered in decision making processes is largely ignored by many organizations (Palomino et al., 2010, pp.16-17). Since business is essentially conducted for making profits, therefore its activities will most naturally focus on profit maximization. Moreover, since business is conducted by human beings, and they are a part of larger society, it is necessary that behaviors of employees have both social and ethical values. In modern times, business is not solely considered as exclusive property of shareholders, but is also considered as a part of society at large. Therefore, the need to project an organization as having ethical values has become very important (Palomino et al., 2010, pp.19). Arguments concerned with business ethics should not be concentrated only on its requirement for competitive advantages, but also should be based on the fact that business is conducted by human beings. If ethics is ignored, then that will inevitably create a de-motivating ambiance

What is wilsonianism and to what extent did it feature and influence Essay

What is wilsonianism and to what extent did it feature and influence in US foreign policy throughout history as well as in the present time - Essay Example Prior to his ascendancy to office, he had served as the head of the Princeton University between 1902 and 1910. From there, he went ahead to be the Governor of New Jersey until the year 1913. As he sought for the presidency, he battled against the Progressive Party’s front man, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Republican leader, William Howard. He attained office through fronting the Democratic Party’s successful onslaught. On attaining office, he influenced the majority Democratic Congress to initiate significant progressive restructuring. He managed to push through more and radical bills than any other president in the country, and the popularity of his bills is second only to the New Deal (Alan, 2006:39). His ideals included the centralized deal Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the proceeds levy bill, the central store Act, and the centralized Farm mortgage Act. He also persuaded the current congress to assent to the Adamson Act, which was famous for changing the period of workdays for railroad gangs to 8-hour days. In addition, he later staged a frenzied support scheme to publicize the women’s rights. In 1916, he successfully regained office, and subsequently guided the country’s participation in the World War 1. During this time, he concentrated his focus on the war, and the following peace treaty transactions that went on in Paris. By managing to keep the country from actively participating in the war, he became popular with the local citizens. However, in1917, the German forces forced him to reconsider, when they started attacking the country unprovoked. Thus, in April 1917, he directed congress to declare the country’s official entry into the war. As the war went on raging, Wilson redirected his efforts towards exercising diplomacy, and embarked on analyzing America’s financial status. As he did this, he left the country’s army administration to focus on the war with no imposed restrictions. He went about

Trilateral Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trilateral Commission - Essay Example Since its establishment in 1973, the Trilateral Commission has been promoting closer relations among three major global economic powers; Europe, the United States and Japan. The organization was set up by some individual Europeans, Japanese, and citizens of the United States to help find solutions to the general challenges facing the countries and offer governance on the pertinent issues of these egalitarian industrialized economies in the broader global spectrum. The leadership responsibilities of the member states are often executed out in a joint manner and with regard to a developing extent. Fortunately, the recent past has witnessed the organization tailor its scope to mirror this transforming scenario and the prospects it offers. Overview of Tri-lateral Commission Coming to terms with a deep dissension between the major economic regions of the world, the Trilateral Commission has its scope clearly cut out to promote more political and economic discourse among the partners. The mission of the Trilateral Commission revolves around promoting ties among the three major economic regions of the world. In light of this, the organization witnesses the contemporary world superseding the national influences and looks at the world as a common arena for finding solutions to political and economic challenges facing the individual states. Even though, it is vital to nurture greater integration among all the world states, Japan, and Western countries, in light of their immense significance to the global economy and their remarkable international ties, bears an exceptional responsibility for cultivating effective collaboration, both in regard to achieving the national goals and in pursuit of the general world. These goals include; poverty eradication and maintaining security in the three regions1. The Commission brings together knowledgeable leaders to chart the way forward on most pressing issues that the world was facing, in which time, effective communication and international relations between Europe, North American region, and Asia were missing. The organization has developed since its formation to incorporate different countries from other regions in the three continents, and it persists with its intent to confirm that researches and trilateral discourse on the significant challenges facing the planet remain, thus should be treated with the weight they deserve as was the case in 1973. Although, the economic challenges facing the member states have undergone evolution, their significance has only worsened, thanks to the increasingly interconnected nature of the world economies and sovereignty of different world states of the contemporary world. Although, the organization incorporates only a few states, and organizes infrequent meetings, it sees immense value in its formation and hopes to expand and become more proactive in extending its scope2. The Trilateral Commission is working toward the effective search for solutions to the challenges facing the member countries. This has enabled Japan, North America, and Western Europe to foster dialogue, embrace consultative culture and work together more directly, on the principle of equal opportunity, to formulate and implement significant policies on issue affecting their citizens. The organization also seeks to avoid chances of the states embracing unilateral approaches to the issues that not only face them, but the world in general. These include actions that are not in line with their close relations and from decisions that are disadvantageous to the rest of the world and to enable the member countries to benefit from existing global and regional bodies and further enhance their input. The Commission intends to con tribute more significantly as a forum of open dialogue with other states and regions; promote development processes of the â€Å"overburdened states† and greater enhancement European and Asian countries economically, and politically. Impacts of Trilateral

Oepidus the king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oepidus the king - Essay Example The tragedy of â€Å"Oedipus the King† was presented at the third year of the Peloponnesian War, when plague was raging in the Athens. The tragedy â€Å"Oedipus the King† has in itself many references to eyes, sight, and blindness. In the centre of the story there is a man, who identifies the theme of the tragedy that is considered to be the theme of moral self-identity. It seems that in this drama the most important ideas regarding the nature and destiny of a man are expressed. The tragedy consists of a big variety of symbols and the specific symbols of blindness and sight are connected with the themes of knowledge and ignorance in it. And it is done so capaciously, simply and convincingly that it is available for the understanding even of an inexperienced reader. For example, the next lines show us that sight is used in ignorance way, while blindness can open much more: â€Å"†¦So I say this to you, since you have chosen to insult my blindness— you have y our eyesight, and you do not see how miserable you are, or where you live† (Sophocles, Oedipus the King), or other example that presents a blindness as symbol of knowledge: â€Å"He will be blind, although he now can see. He will be a poor, although he now is rich. He will set off for a foreign country, groping the ground before him with a stick† (Sophocles, Oedipus the King).

The important of Civic Engagement & social capital and community Essay

The important of Civic Engagement & social capital and community capacity of Civic Engagement - Essay Example Moreover, it would also entail a brief description of the overall activities of the project; that is, the specific activities that will be undertaken in the project and how they may impact on the local communities. The introductory section would also describe the ways in which the local communities may be engaged in the development project and the pertinence of using the identified engagement methods. Additionally, brief information concerning the period that would be taken to engage the local communities and the specific departments where the local communities shall be engaged. Engagement of the local Community: Under this section, information concerning the pertinence of engaging local communities in any public development shall be discussed. It would also entail provision of case studies, in a brief manner concerning past successful development projects that undertook civic engagements in their development projects. Negative impacts that might arise in case the public is not engaged in the development project shall also be elaborated. Consequently, information regarding associated costs of engaging the local community in the development project shall also be discussed i.e. the amount of financial resources that may be needed to engage the local community. The potential roles that could be played by the local communities shall also be described in this section for instance; provision of local construction materials, assessment of possible conflict that could occur and developing solutions, awareness creation concerning the importance of the development project within the city, identification of community perception concerning the development project as well as seeking the support of the community concerning the road development project. Role of project developers in the civic engagement: Information regarding the roles

Christian Views on Racial Harmony and Religious Free

Christian Views on Racial Harmony and Religious Freedom Essay St. Paul taught Christians that other races and religions were equal in the eyes of God. â€Å"It is through faith that all of you are God’s sons in union with Christ Jesus. You were baptized into union with Christ, and now you are clothed, so to speak, with the life of Christ himself. So there is no difference between Jews and Gentiles, between slaves and free men, between men and women; you are all one in union with Christ Jesus. It is because believers share a love of Jesus that they are equal, St Paul says. The Bible opens up with a description of God creating humans in his own image, therefore, Christians believe that everybody should be respected as God’s creation. This means that prejudice and racism are wrong. There are many more teachings in the Old and New testaments which reinforce this, like the Good Samaritan. Most modern Christians believe that people should be free to follow whatever they like, or none at all. There are, however, three different Christian approaches to religious freedom. Exclusivism: Some people are excluded from heaven. Jesus said â€Å"I am the way, the truth, and the life, no one goes to the father except by me. † Some Christians believe this means that only those who follow Christian beliefs can go to heaven. Inclusivism: Some Christians believe that while all religions can help to reach god, only Christianity has the complete answer. This is because Jesus taught that people should believe in him to get to heaven, and only Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God. This is often the view held by Roman Catholic Christians. While other faiths should be respected, the right path should be explained to them. Pluralism There are many religions. Some Christians believe that all religions will lead to God, none is superior and none is wrong. People are free to followthe way that suits them best. These Christians do not regard the Bible as ‘the word of God’, but rather as holy writings like many other sacred books. These Christains do not think they should try to persuade people to change their religion.

The Impacts Of Social Media On Brand Marketing Marketing Essay

The Impacts Of Social Media On Brand Marketing Marketing Essay Introduction: This research will be conducted using Husqvarna as an exploratory case study. Husqvarna is the leading companies in the outdoor power product market and as the premium quality brand. They want to stand for professionalism throughout the company. Husqvarna is currently located in over 50 countries all over the world. During the last couple of years social media has grown rapidly and companies worldwide have started to use social media more frequently as a part of their marketing tool, no matter what market they represent. Even though if there is still a need for traditional marketing Husqvarna are shifting more and more from traditional marketing towards social media marketing, but all these parts are a part of their marketing mix. Husqvarna knows that their customers are out there on the net and for approximately one year ago they decided to start using social media marketing. Today they are primarily using Face book, Twitter and YouTube as their social media channels, which are a pa rt of their social media marketing. Background: Social Media is a new subject, but its background start from AOL Instant Messenger to Friendster to Google+ social media has perhaps changed more in ten years. Trend of online marketing, and specifically email marketing, is leap to happen. Internet marketing is becoming so common and included into the social media experience that its essentially becoming its own form of social media. Social media plays an important role in sharing information about products and brands. Actually I can say 60 percent of consumer researches are based on social media and learned about the specific brand or retailers through social networking sites. Problem Discussion: Social media marketing has emerged as the new way of doing marketing where the customers are no longer passive consumers as they were in the previous marketing forms, but rather here they are active participants; this is mainly due to the interaction possibilities that exist on Internet (Miller Lammas, 2010). The resources firms are investing on social media are incrementally increasing and firms are slowly shifting from a traditional way of doing marketing towards a more interactive way (Thackeray, al., 2008). When it comes to social media firms should focus more on creating long term relations with their customers and be active online, rather than on delivering messages and marketing different content (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Swedowsky (2009) mentions that if the firms manage to create strong brand awareness among their customers they will improve the likelihood of them do positive word-of-mouth promotion for the firm among their friends and family. This was the way before the st art of social media and the way has developed further (Swedowsky, 2009). GrÙ nroos (2007) mentions that Word-of-mouth promotion is the objective of social media marketing and the result of a successfully maintained relationship between the firm and their customers. Positive word-of-mouth results in improved brand awareness among current and potential customers, with an increased likelihood of them purchasing the firms products (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Carlsson (2010) mentions that the main obstacle for firms is that they cannot control word-of-mouth marketing, but rather it is the customers that have the control. Hence it is important that firms are successful in their interactions with their customers in order to keep the negative opinions to a minimum (Carlsson, 2010). If firms are successful in their social media marketing they will gain a competitive advantage over their market competitors, but firms have to be cautious due to they do not have a monopoly on the marketing tools, instead it is being shared with the customers whom has the majority of the control and can choose on their own accord where and how to reach out to the firm (Qualman, 2010). Carlsson (2010) mentions that there is a difference between what the firms tell their customers and what other people Are saying about the firm, therefore people usually tend to trust what is recommended by their friends and not the marketers. Swedowsky (2009) mentions that no matter how and why the firms tend to approach the customers to buy their products the purchasing decision has always been distinctive, mainly due to it is a social endeavor. Therefore is it necessary that retailers get involved and pay attention because people tend before making a purchase to consult somebody that they have trust in, mainly family members and friends (Swedowsky, 2009). Thus, if a firm has been successful in their interactions with their customers it can result in stronger brand awareness which has an impact on the customers willingness to purchase the firms products (GrÙ nroos, 2007). The stronger the customers brand awareness is, the more dominant will the firms brand be Because the customer will not look for other alternatives on the market, thus improving The customers loyalty to the firm (Kotler Ar mstrong, 2004). In order for a firm to gain long-term benefits from using social media they should use social media and relationship marketing concurrently due to here the customer is seen as a co-creator, compared to the old and traditional view where the customer is only a target to sell to (Miller Lamas 2010). When firms use social media they should have proper branding and customer service strategies that are needed for their overall social marketing strategy where participating in online conversation about the brand are vital for the firms success online (Williams, 2009). Hence, if firms want to be successful in their marketing activities they should listen to their customers, share information with them and build relationships in order to gain mutual trust so that they can influence their customers behavior (Miller Lamas 2010). Thus, social media facilitates the processes of interaction, relationship and value (Harridge-March Quinton, 2009). Research Objective: Objective of this research is to provide how companies can use social media as a marketing tool and branding tool in a consumer market. The result of this research will give a clear picture how companies can utilize social media in its marketing, what opportunities and challenges lies there, and tactics, tools and measurements, this study aims at offering a guideline for Companies planning marketing activities through social media. Research work will address the following main research questions: How does Social Media affect on consumers purchasing decision? What objectives, strategies and tactics can Companies use in marketing and branding through social media? What key performance indicators can Companies use in measuring the impact of marketing and branding activities through social media? How can Companies utilize social media as a marketing and branding tool in consumer marketing? Investigating the literature: I chose to do an analysis on the literature that has been conducted in the chosen field of interest. This due to I wanted to complement the previous research about how firms can use social media marketing in order to increase the brand awareness among their customers and thus have theories that can help me fulfill the purpose with our research. Besides social media marketing and brand awareness I decided to write about relationship marketing that is interrelated with social media marketing. Word-of-mouth is another phenomenon that is brought up in our theoretical investigation due to word of-mouth is the outcome of a successful managed relationship. Having a relationship based approach in firms social media activities is important because without a relationship approach the likelihood of the customer doing word-of-mouth marketing is less, compared to having a relationship based approach (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Thus I see how relationship marketing is important when firms do social media marketing and for the future outcome of the relationship which affects the word-of-mouth promotion. Another phenomenon I will bring up shortly that is relevant within this field is viral marketing that is closely interrelated to social media marketing and word-of-mouth promotion. I wanted to find out how firms should use social media marketing as a marketing tool in their daily operations and that is why we found these different areas that I mentioned above to be vital for my theoretical findings. We think that if a firm is successful to combine all these parts in their social media marketing they will be able to increase the brand awareness among their customers. I will mention these different concepts more in the theoretical parts, but this was a short introduction why I chose to bring them up in my theoretical findings. Brand awareness: Aaker (1991) mention that when customers recognize a brand in a specific product category and the brand is characterized by the customers attitudes that they are familiar with it is called brand awareness. Aaker (1991) further explains that brand awareness has three different levels: Brand recognition, brand recall and top-of-mind. Brand awareness is unique due to it something that the firm creates and promotes in form of marketing messages, but it is the customers brand recognition that is the objective of the firms marketing activities. Without brand recognition it would be difficult for the firm to create awareness and good perception of their brand among its customers. Brand awareness gets its full use when the firms brand is being shown in different social communities in order to be able to attract a large number customers to the firm (Aaker, 1991). According to Aaker (1996) the purpose of brand awareness is to create and improve the presence of the brand in the customers memory . The stronger presence the brand has in the customers memory the stronger brand awareness will the customer have and the firm can through different marketing activities like for instance repetitive advertising and active advertisement reach the mind of the customers (Aaker, 1996). Relationship marketing In 1994 GrÙ nroos defined the purpose of relationship marketing as: Identify and establish, maintain and enhance and, when necessary, terminate relationships with customers at a profit so that the objectives of all parties involved are met; and this is done by mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (GrÙ nroos, 1994, p. 275). HÙ†¡kansson and Snehota (1995) discussed that a relationships creates something priceless that neither the firm nor the customer can buy nor develop alone and the result of the creation cannot be easily copied. HÙ†¡kansson and Johansson (2001) further described that a relationship is built on collecting and sharing knowledge between the two parties involved that cooperate with each other by making the most in order employ the knowledge they share between them and in that way make a satisfying exchange that both parties are content with. The more the two parties involved have a mutual relationship and share their information to each other, the more valuable does the information get, leading to companies working harder to fulfill the other partys needs (Palmatier 2006). The firm should have a long-term relationship approach towards the customer , thinking long-term in order to create a dialogue with the customer that both parties will benefit from and not only look for a share of the customers wallet, but also a share of his heart and mind (GrÙ nroos, 2007, p. 321). Lifetime value of a customer relationship In 2006 Ford, Gadde, HÙ†¡kansson and Snehota explained that a relationship has value for both the firm and the customer in two different ways; a current and a potential value. The current value is obtained when the firm and customer have interacted for a while and learned about each other, which facilitates the future interaction between them. The information that is shared through interaction will lead to a more effective implementation of the problem that is discussed. The interaction can lead to creating and adapting new solutions which can improve the relationship so that future problems will be reduced and future, potential value will evolve (Ford, et al., 2006). Word-of-mouth Kirby and Marsden (2006) explain that through the years traditional marketing has become less effective and it has become more difficult for firms to reach the customers, therefore the concept of word-of-mouth has been an important role in attracting attention to the firm and its products and services in a natural way. Kirby and Marsden (2006) further mention that word-of-mouth is a non-commercial concept that has a commercial purpose, where the impact of consumers themselves spreading the information is higher and more reliable than if the firms would intentionally do it because here it is the customer themselves that recommend a company to someone else.Word-of-mouth is the collective name for the marketing that is designed in a noncommercial way to make the customers to start spreading information about the firm (Kirby Marsden, 2006). Social media marketing Drury (2007) describes social media as an online resource that people use to share different types of contents, for instance photos, videos, text, images, opinion, gossip, humor and ideas by using resources in form of blogs, social networks, wikis and others. As a user, social media marketing is based to give the opportunity to connect with friends and through linking sites, share their experiences. One may believe that it is just about giving and receiving a message, but that is not the case due to interactions within social media is about receiving and exchanging perceptions and ideas (Drury, 2007). Drury (2007) further explains that traditional marketing via television and newspapers is about delivering a message to the audience, whereas social media marketing is about building a conversation and relationship with the audience. Traditional marketing is a passive way of marketing compared to the fast and interactive social media marketing (Xiao, 2008). Social media marketing is a t wo-way process that engages an audience and a brand, and marketing has developed from one dimensional to a two-way process (Eely Tilley, 2009). Summary of the theoretical framework In the society usage of technology is high and firms offer their customers similar products to similar prices, thus having a relationship approach is crucial when firms do their social media marketing due to it offers something unique that no firm can buy; a relationship (HÙ†¡kansson Snehota, 1995). Having strong brand awareness among a firms customers will improve the relationship and improve the possibility of customer becoming brand advocates and doing free marketing for the firm in form of word-of mouth promotion (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Here the current customers can reach new customers that perhaps could not be reached by the firm or where the customers would ignore the firms initiatives due to they do not like to be forced into something and therefore prefer the word-of-mouth marketing which is a more unintentional and natural way of doing marketing (Kirby Marsden, 2006). By having current customers promoting the firms products and services they do not only attract new customer, but they also improve the firms relationship with current customers (Swedowsky, 2009) Improved brand awareness among the firms customers will result in a better relationship between the customers and the firm, thus improving the loyalty of the customer and also increasing the likelihood that the customer will continue purchasing the firms products and services (Anderson, et al., 2009). Having customers doing free word-of-mouth promotion for the firm is not only an objective with successful marketing, it is the outcome of a successful relationship and therefore relationship marketing and social media marketing are interrelated (GrÙ nroos, 2007). When we did the analysis of the literature we saw that social media and relationship marketing were interrelated due to both have interactions as an initial and essential part of their strategy to create or improve the relationship with the other party (GrÙ nroos, 2007). GrÙ nroos (2007) further mentions th at other aspects they have in common are that both have an increased customer loyalty and word-of-mouth as objectives. Hence we wanted to investigate more on this specific portion and see how it is related to brand awareness among a firms customers. A firm must cherish their customers brand awareness and continuously improve in order to be successful in their marketing (Anderson, et al., 2009). This improvement can be done by using different types of marketing activities, for instance use social media marketing and relationship marketing in conjunction to improve the customers brand awareness by having continuous interactions with their customers (GrÙ nroos, 2007). As the interaction becomes more regular it will become a dialogue where the firm is listening to the customers thoughts and feedback. If the customer is satisfied with the dialogue and the relationship it will result in the customer doing free word-of-mouth marketing to his friends and family (GrÙ nroos, 200 7). This can result in reduced marketing costs for the firm and in an increased possibility of the firm attaining new customers and thus generating higher revenues and improving the firms profitability (Ford, et al., 2006). With this in mind we saw that word-of-mouth is a powerful tool, but with a huge drawback from a firm point of view due to it cannot be controlled by them (Mangold Faulds, 2009). On the other hand a bad relationship where the customer is not satisfied with the interaction with the firm and the actions that the firm has made can result in the customer doing bad word-of-mouth promotion for the firm among his friends and family (Carlsson, 2010). Thus we see how important it is to cherish the relationship with the customer by using different marketing tools in order to strengthen the customers brand awareness, especially since the outcome of the relationship is either stronger or worse brand awareness, respectively good or bad word-of-mouth promotion from the customer (Gunawardena, et al., 2009) This shows how careful firms have to be in their marketing activities and take the relationship perspective due to having a satisfied customer will improve the likelihood of the customer doing good word-of-mouth promotion for the firm, and likewise having a dissatisfied customer will more likely do bad word-of-mouth against the firm (Carlsson, 2010). We have summarized th e theory in the figure below (figure 2.7), which we have illustrated on our own. Here we have tried to show the interrelation between the theories. Figure 2.7 show that if a firm wants to create strong brand awareness among their customers they have to use different marketing tools which we have mentioned throughout our theoretical part. There are marketing tools that the firm can control in form of social media, relationship and viral marketing that is initiated by the firm, and if the firm uses their marketing tools in the right way it will result in a stronger brand awareness among their customers (Aaker, 1991). This in turn will improve the likelihood of the customer promoting the firm and its products and services to new and current customers free of charge in form of word-of-mouth (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Word-of mouth promotion is the outcome of a successful relationship and strong brand awareness (Gunawardena, et al., 2009).

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay Corruption is defined as the impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle or as inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means such as bribery. Corruption is defined by the World Bank and Transparency International (TI) as the misuse of public office for private gain. Corruption is generally considered to be a symptom and outcome of weak governance. Examples of corruption include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. Stemming corruption requires strong oversight by parliaments, a well-performing judiciary, independent and properly resourced audit and anti-corruption agencies, vigorous law enforcement, transparency in public budgets, revenue and aid flows, as well as space for independent media and a vibrant civil society, said Huguette Labelle, chairwoman of Transparency International. Every year, Transparency International ranks 180 countries to create its corruption index. The least corrupt countries for 2009 are New Zealand and Denmark, respectively. The most corrupt countries are Somalia and Afghanistan, respectively. In comparison to Transparency Internationals 2008 ranked list, the least corrupt countries stayed the at the same ranking and the most corrupt countries only slightly changed- Somalia topped the list both years while Myanmar was the runner up in 2008. Somalia ended up as the most corrupt country on Transparency Internationals list for a variety of reasons. In 1992, most of Somalia was a disaster area. It was effectively destroyed. It had no government, no police force, nor even basic services. Murderous warlords battled savagely for control of the capital, Mogadishu and armed thugs and bandits roamed the country destroying and taking everything insight. The fighting and the drought claimed over 300,000 lives, and heartbreaking spectacles of emaciated bodies of famine victims were seen on a daily basis. Although droughts have played havoc with agricultural production, the food supply has been far more threatened by never-ending armed conflicts. It is true that external factors, including the colonial legacy, the Cold War, and other foreign meddling in African affairs, have played a role in creating the regions problems. However, the primary causes of Africas crises are of internal origin: misguided political leadership, corruption, capital flight, defective economic systems, senseless civil wars, and military vandalism. The basic problem here, besides a lack of competence, is total corruption. The top people line their pockets through political influence. It is difficult to prove the corruption, even when a top official speaks out about wrongdoing. Somalias problems could have been avoided if their leaders and elites had used their common sense. In Africa the people are the peasants the majority in every African nation. Some minimum level of stability, peace, order, civil society, and respect for civil liberties is necessary for productive activity. The principal beneficiaries of economic prosperity ought to be the peasants, not the elite minority that constitutes less than 10 percent. Another corruption-ridden country is Afghanistan. Corruption has multiple and severe adverse effects on Afghanistan. In addition to the direct financial costs of corruption (higher costs of contracts and public services, loss of public funds due to theft or misuse of government facilities and assets) there are substantial costs related to time devoted to corrupt practices by government officials, private businesses, and the public as well as, especially in the case of the security sector, the human costs (e.g. of threats, intimidation, victimization of people by security forces). Widespread corruption deters and distorts private investment. But perhaps most important, are the adverse implications of corruption, and popular perceptions of widespread corruption, for the effective functioning, credibility, and legitimacy of the state. A particular problem in this regard is drug-related corruption, allegedly involving senior Government officials, which interacts destructively with corrup tion in the security sector (especially the police) and justice sector. Not surprisingly, the basic forms of corruption in Afghanistan appear to be broadly similar to those found in other countries. These include petty corruption and bribery, extortion, outright theft of government assets, patronage, and corruption in government procurement. Examples of the former in Afghanistan include the apparently common practice of demanding money from the public for required forms and documents; bribery in return for obtaining an electricity connection, uninterrupted power service, or under-assessment of electricity bills; theft of fuel in municipal sanitation departments, etc. On the other hand, New Zealand is ranked the least corrupt country. Unlike much of the world, New Zealand is a nation where corruption is virtually unknown. It is unheard of to have to bribe public officials to do the jobs they are paid to do. Genuine wrongdoing is quickly exposed and offenders are dealt with in open court under fair and transparent laws. New Zealand has a zero tolerance policy on corruption and bribery, which means that it does not accept bribery within its own ranks or in cooperation with external partners. Not even a New Zealand police officer can be bribed. Anyone who tries to will be arrested on the spot. Everyone knows this, which is why nobody tries to, not even the worst, most desperate or richest criminals. While there have been a few instances of bribery among low-level public servants over the years, the offenders are caught and vigorously prosecuted. New Zealand has had their share of fraudulent businesspeople, but they are also prosecuted. Their justice system is a stiff and regimented one, with fiercely independent judges selected because of their legal abilities alone, not because of political views. Like New Zealand, Denmark has also adopted a zero-tolerance policy. The zero-tolerance policy means that anti-corruption clauses are now found in all Government Agreements and in all contracts with companies involved in preparing and implementing Denmarks development. All of Denmarks contracts include an anti-corruption clause, whereby companies will have to sign a declaration on non-bribery. Non-compliance with this clause might lead to a cease of contract and exclusion from future contracts. The common denominator for the least corrupt countries verses the most corrupt countries basically boils down to having an organized government and rules and regulations. In New Zealand and Denmark they clearly have a solid government with well-known anti-corruption policies. They enforce the zero tolerance level so that people realize that it isnt worth suffering the potential consequences of even trying to do wrong. Things tend to work progressively and smooth. Whereas, in the most corrupt countries the common denominator is chaos and disorganization. There tends to be no democracy or government (fair) to rule and control the citizens. And there tends to be much violence. The culture of the country does play a huge role in the countrys ethics. In the most corrupt countries, the people tend to be poor, uneducated, and live in extreme destitute conditions. There typically is no middle class only a small percentage of very wealthy and powerful and a large percentage of very poor and powerless. In the least corrupt countries, the people tend to be educated and live in comfortable conditions. Some possible ways to lessen the corrupt and unethical behaviors are to be clear and concise with anti-corruption policies. A good example is New Zealand. They have made sure that their laws are transparent and understandable. If someone does not follow the law they are prosecuted to the fullest extent. Having an enforceable zero tolerance policy is a huge step in lessening corruption. Some additional ways to lessen corruption are by improving public sector service delivery by focusing on public sector accountability and legal reform in order to re-introduce rule of law, building integrity by promoting governmental accountability and transparency; and building watchdog and enforcement agencies. Lack of accountability by national and international politicians and civil servants is probably one of the most important reasons why sustainable development has not occurred in most of the worlds poorest countries. The country needs to have an information surplus, control of the government, a nd eliminate opportunities and incentives for corrupt behavior. Social conditions such as increased literacy and education among the population can help curb corrupt behavior as well. My home country, the United States of America, ranked nineteenth on the Transparency International corruption list. US federal law prohibits bribery of both non-US and domestic federal public officials. The US federal anti-foreign bribery statute is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977. The FCPAÂ  applies to the people of the United States and companies, stockholders, officers, directors, employees, or agents acting on behalf of a United States company. The FCPA has anti-bribery provisions and prohibits indirect as well as direct improper payments. If someone has a conscious disregard, willful blindness, or deliberate ignorance, of culpable conduct or suspicious circumstances it may be adequate to support a violation of the FCPA. The penalties for violations of the FCPAs anti-bribery and corruption provisions are severe. For criminal convictions, companies could be fined the greater of $2 million for each violation or twice the gain earned on any business obtained through conduct that violated the FCPA. In addition to similar criminal fines, individuals can be imprisoned for up to five years. For civil violations, penalties of $10,000 for each violation may be imposed both on companies and individuals. Moreover, in recent years, SEC has insisted that companies forgo all profits earned through conduct that violated the FCPA. In several recent cases, the US Department of Justice and SEC have also required companies to engage for a three-year period an independent compliance monitor that provides periodic reports to the US authorities. The US federal laws also include various domestic bribery statutes, which prohibits bribery of US domestic public officials. This statute prohibits the giving of anything of value to a public official or person who has been selected to be a public official.

Fifth Business Dunstan :: essays papers

Fifth Business Dunstan Lots of people in our society can be dubbed as ^neutral^ in their behavior. They dont take part in the events occurring around them but rather just observe them. This characteristic can be called a beneficial characteristic as it may keep them out of disagreements. In the book Fifth Business written by Robertson Davies, Dunny can be called a neutral person. He tells us about his life story and through various incidents, it is clearly evident that he is indeed a neutral person. For instance, the snowball incident and Dunny^s relationship with Diana show the reader that he is indeed a neutral person who doesn^t want to get involved deeply in anything at all. Dunny starts his story from his childhood. He tells us that when he was ten, he had a fight with Percy Boyd Staunton and during this fight, Percy threw a snowball at him. He dodged the snowball and it struck the pregnant Mary Dempster, who was the wife of Reverend Amasa Dempster, on her head. This led to the premature birth of the baby. Dunny felt responsible for that incident and spent many sleepless nights but he didn^t tell Mary what had happened or who threw the snowball. He remained neutral in the situation despite the fact that he felt guilty and responsible for. Mary^s loss of senility and the premature birth of the baby. These strong emotions led him to help Mary in every way possible. Although he knew that he had not thrown the snowball, he imagined that since it was meant for him, he shouldn^t have dodged it. Also Paul had told Dunny that he wasn^t responsible for the snowball because it was Dunny^s dodging it which led to Mary Dempster labor. So Dunny was sure that! he was to blame but still he didn^t confess it to anyone, neither did he ever talk to anyone about it. Being neutral he just withdrew and did not take a stand in the situation. He took care of Paul when he (Paul) was quite young and also was protective of Mary which further served to isolate him from the rest of the society who thought of Mary as a bad influence. Though this incident occurred in an early stage of Dunny^s life, it still shows his neutrality which remained a part of him until his death. Dunny^s relationship with Diana is another example which shows his neutrality. When Dunny was wounded in the war, he was put under Diana^s care until he got back on his feet. During this time, he

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

AN INPSECTOR CALLS The six long years of anguish and fear had ended and the people of Britain were just recovering from the effects of World War Two. J.B Priestly a writer, who at the time was fifty one, was deeply involved with the war being a member of the infantry, and only just escaped death on a number of occasions. After his experiences throughout the horrific war, Priestly picked back up on his career which started before all of the battling and turned his attentions to writing plays. His first play after the war was known to be ‘An Inspector Calls’, which was eventually published in the same year. The story involves that of different opinions and actions, and of regrets. The rich and celebrated Birling family are spending a happy evening together celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling to Gerald Croft – a marriage that will result in the merging of two successful local businesses. Yet, just when everything seems to be going so well, they receive a surprise visit from an Inspector Goole who is investigating the suicide of a young girl. He questions each one of the family members and future family members in turn about the suicide of Eva Smith, and as the play unravels it becomes evident that each member of the family has been intertwined with her life. J.B Priestly uses his play ‘An Inspector Calls’ as a way of getting across his socio-political views. He believed that people of different classes were being treated completely oppositely and demanded that something should be done. One of the key ways he emphasises points thorough the whole play is by the dramatic techniques he uses. In the course of An Inspector Calls the Birling family and Gerald Croft change from a state of great self-satisfaction to a state of extreme self-doubt. The play is in 'real time' - in other words, the story lasts exactly as long as the play is on the stage. So, what happens in a comparatively short time to create such a dramatic contrast? How is the drama maintained and the audience involved? Probably the main and most obvious dramatic technique that J.B Priestly uses is through the characters. The characters act as J.B Priestley’s thoughts and actions, and his emotions are unveiled throughout the play via them. As one of the most important and main characters in the play, Mr Birling is used in many ways as a dramatic device. The fact he cares only about himself and his family and not about anyone else in the world. We know this to be true, as just before the inspector arrives