Nestle Pakistan

Nestle Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Nestlà © has been serving Pakistani consumers since 1988, when our parent company, the Switzerland-based Nestlà © SA, first acquired a share in Milkpak Ltd. Today we are fully integrated in Pakistani life, and are recognised as producers of safe, nutritious and tasty food, and leaders in developing and uplifting the communities in which we operate. We at Nestlà © Pakistan ensure that our products are made available to consumers wherever in the country they might be. Convenience is at the heart of the Nestlà © philosophy, and our aim is to bring products to peoples doorsteps. Nestlà © has been serving Pakistani consumers since 1988, when our parent company, the Switzerland-based Nestlà © SA, first acquired a share in Milkpak Ltd. Today we are fully integrated in Pakistani life, and are recognised as producers of safe, nutritious and tasty food, and leaders in developing and uplifting the communities in which we operate. We at Nestlà © Pakistan ensure that our products are made available to consumers wherever in the country they might be. Convenience is at the heart of the Nestlà © philosophy, and our aim is to bring products to peoples doorsteps. Research Papers on Nestle PakistanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringQuebec and CanadaOpen Architechture a white paperBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Last Minute ACT Strategies 12 Guides You Must Read

Last Minute ACT Strategies 12 Guides You Must Read SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's the week or the day before your big ACT test date, and you want to have the best chance possible at raising your score. At PrepScholar we've written hundreds of free guides to help you succeed on the test, but some guides are especially helpful right before your test. By reading these guides, you'll make sure you're in the best shape possible on test day. General ACT Strategy What You Must Bring to the ACT on Test Day In this guide, we explain exactly what you should bring (your admissions ticket, #2 pencils, lots of snacks, etc.) and what you need to leave at home (the iPhone glued to your hand, a #1 pencil, your mom). Test Day can be stressful. Make sure you’ve got the right supplies. Should You Guess on the ACT? 5 Guessing Strategies Short answer: ALWAYS GUESS ON THE ACT. For the long answer, read the strategies our experts recommend. And no, â€Å"always guessing ‘C’† did not make our list. The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes from ACT Questions In your last study time before your ACT test date, don't worry about taking another full-length practice test. Instead, review your mistakes from the past so that you can avoid them on test day. This guide tells you how you should be reviewing your mistakes to get the most out of your time. How to Get a Perfect ACT Score, by a 36 Full Scorer If you’re looking for a top ACT score (33-36), take advice from someone who scored a 36- me. In this post, I break down all you need to know about striving for perfection on the ACT. It’s challenging, but definitely not impossible. ACT Science Strategy Time Management Tips and Section Strategy on ACT Science You can see the light at the end of the Test Day Tunnel. All that stands between you and the rest of your Saturday is the dreaded Science section (and possibly an essay, but more on that later). In this guide, we give tips on how to finish strong and within the time limit. The Only Actual Science You Have to Know for ACT Science By now, you’ve probably figured out that the ACT Science section is basically a reading test with bigger words and more technical pictures. You don’t actually have to know a lot of science in order to do well; in this guide, we’ve outlined the core topics that show up again and again in this section. ACT Reading Strategy How to Stop Running Out of Time On ACT Reading It’s not just about watching the clock on Test Day. It’s about how to maximize the time you do have. You won’t learn to speed read by Saturday, but our experts have outlined strategies to buy you time on test day. ACT Math Strategy The 31 Critical ACT Math Formulas You MUST Know You’ve probably memorized hundreds of formulas in math classes. Whether or not you remember them†¦ Well, that’s a different story. In this guide, we review the 31 formulas you must know in order to ace ACT Math. How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Math On test day, you’ll have 60 minutes to answer 60 math questions. It doesn’t take a genius to figure out that this will be challenging. Luckily, PrepScholar experts have outlined the top strategies for taking advantage of every second. ACT English Strategy The Complete Guide to ACT Grammar We’re not going to lie. It’s a long guide, but every single question you’ll face in the ACT English section will be based on this material. How can you not read it? ACT Writing Strategy How to Write an ACT Essay: Step by Step Example Writing a cohesive essay in 40 minutes sounds impossible, but our experts have broken it down into an easy-to-remember, step-by-step process. Practice this at least once or twice before test day to make sure you’ve got it down. ACT Writing Tips: 15 Strategies to Raise Your Score In this guide, we’ve outlined what ACT wants you to know about the Writing section, some secrets they’d rather not share, and a step-by-step process that can definitely help you improve your writing score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Description of an advert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Description of an advert - Essay Example The consumer marketers for the company emphasize  on push strategies  where their sales force convinces the retailers and dealers to carry, promote as well as sell the products of the company to the end users (Ryan & Jones, 2012). In contrast, the consumer marketers emphasizing pull strategies  haveheavy reliance on advertising as well as consumer promotions in drawing customers into the stores. The aspect of tools in terms of choice is influenced through company size. The market leaders afford more advertising while using sales promotion sparingly. In contrast, smaller competitors aggressively use sales promotion (Viardot, 2004). The brand of perfume in the advertisement is Dior perfume for ladies. The product is sleek, executive and fancy targeting the segment that keeps trying new products. There are various scents denoting warmth and comfort including vanilla or sandalwood. Subsequent fragrances, like clary sage or grapefruit could awaken the senses while making the person feel rather energetic (Copper &Hiebing, 2000). The emphasis on the notes in the fragrance alongside promotes the positive feelings across all people while combining such components with original scent combinations which will ensure that curious consumers about the product try it out (Jain & Griffith, 2012). For example, adding black pepper oil to the cologne for women gives it richer and earthier scent. For this reason, the ingredient remains to be an exotic aspect that draws more customers in irrespective of the inclusion of the traditional notes such as musk within the fragrance. The advertiser is rather informative to the audience. The advertisement starts with the identification of the product or service through what it is, who buys it, at how much they pay and how much it costs for to produce it, why consumer demand for the product exists, and where the product sits as compared to similar products and services available currently. The advertisement also describes the marketplac e rationale across various differences between the product and that of competitors (Kumar, 2011). Looking at price, quality, new ideas and approaches, and how the product appeals to specific customer base, the advertisement is responsive to the existing customers as well as new customers attracted into the market. The advertisement is rather specific about the manner in which the product and subsequent service improves on the already existing, the quality control use, the post-purchase evaluation (obtaining feedback) as well as the scope of service to be provide in terms of responsibilities, expectations and liabilities. The colours used in the advertisement relate to the feminine gender. The text is soft and appetizing to the feminine gender as well. The models used in the ad are young, beautiful and aggressive to trigger a sensation brought about by the use of the product in question. In my opinion, they have been used correctly. The marketers in this case prove to be well experie nced sales executives (Mercer, 1996).   Marketing in this case forms the first strength to the company’s success as well as huge competitive edge. Professionalism is also depicted in the ad and includes everything from the maintenance of confidentiality all the way to the hiring of the very best staff to deliver organisational objectives. Individual attention is based on each client's experience towards tailoring the same into a state of preference. For repeat business and

Astrological Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astrological - Essay Example They are also good story tellers. I think that I am imaginative in a positive way. I am very much interested in riding a horse. Whenever I am free, I look forward to taking a horse ride because it gives me immense pleasure. I enjoy riding a horse because I had always imagined riding a horse from my early childhood. I don’t know it was cartoons or films but I am interested in horse riding from childhood. During horse riding I love to see beautiful sites. This has always been my dream and it has something to do with my astrological sign. Another good example that explains my imaginative power is that I like to try new things very often. I quickly get bore of doing the same thing. For example, I often rearrange of my room after every other month even if it only involves shifting my bed from one side to another. I have different posters set up on my bedroom walls and I keep on changing them as well. I try to make my room look different using my different posters and art work. I of ten am the one who persuade my friends to try out new and different things. Going out to same places very often is boring to me. I keep on planning different picnics and other activities with friends just to keep the spice in my life. For me, different is always better. Another interest of mine is to read short stories. I love to read short stories as they give me great pleasure. I also keep on thinking about writing a short story and think about different topics. These are some of the examples of my imaginative power. The second personality trait of my personality is cleverness. I think I am a clever person because I can pick new things very quickly. I am a fast learner as I quickly apply things that I see around me. I learned how to ride a horse with any major help. Also I prefer going through a website and reading about different things instead of relying on other people. I am also clever in a good way

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before the Second World War. Orwell, a democratic socialist,[1] was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, especially after his experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish Civil War.[2] In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel contre Stalin.[3] The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but the subtitle was dropped by U. S. publishers for its 1946 publication and subsequently all but one of the translations during Orwells lifetime omitted the addition. Other variations in the title include: A Satire and A Contemporary Satire.[3] Orwell suggested the title Union des rà ©publiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which recalled the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des rà ©publiques socialistes sovià ©tiques, and which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin for bear, a symbol of Russia.[3] Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);[4] it also places at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is also included in the Great Books of the Western World. The novel addresses not only the corruption of the revolution by its leaders but also how wickedness, indifference, ignorance, greed and myopia corrupt the revolution. It portrays corrupt leadership as the flaw in revolution, rather than the act of revolution itself. It also shows how potential ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution could allow horrors to happen if a smooth transition to a peoples government is not achieved. Plot summary Snowballs revolution Old Major, the old boar on the Manor Farm, calls the animals on the farm for a meeting, where he compares the humans to parasites and teaches  the animals a revolutionary song, Beasts of England. When Major dies two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and turn his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr Jones from the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. They adopt Seven Commandments of Animal-ism, the most important of which is, All animals are equal. Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing; food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. Napoleon takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr Jones tries to retake the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the Battle of the Cowshed. Napoleon and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away and declares himself leader. Napoleons rule Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs, who will run the farm. Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals find the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests that the windmills walls were too thin. Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins purging the farm with his dogs, killing animals he accuses of consorting with Snowball. He and the pigs abuse their power, imposing more control while reserving privileges for themselves and rewriting history, villainising Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. No animal shall sleep in beds is changed to No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets when the pigs are discovered to have been sleeping in the old  farmhouse. No animal shall drink alcohol is changed to No animal shall drink alcohol to excess when the pigs discover the farmers whiskey. Beasts of England is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving and overworked, remain convinced that they are better off than they were when under Mr Jones. Squealer abuses the animals poor memorie s and invents numbers to show their improvement. Mr Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer, are wounded. Despite his injuries, Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a van to take Boxer to the veterinary surgeons, explaining that better care can be given there. Benjamin the donkey, who could read as well as any pig,[5] notices that the van belongs to Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler (a knacker), and attempts to mount a rescue; but the animals attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxers death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxers death, it is revealed that the pigs hav e purchased more whiskey. Humanisation Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase: All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working but least fed animals in the country. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both worlds. He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and changes the name of the farm to The Manor Farm. The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of the  pigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals realise that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans, and no one can tell the difference between them. Animalism Seven Commandments redirects here. For the Noahide code, see Seven Laws of Noah.: The seven laws listed by the Tosefta and the Talmud are[7] 1. Prohibition of Idolatry 2. Prohibition of Murder 3. Prohibition of Theft 4. Prohibition of Sexual immorality 5. Prohibition of Blasphemy 6. Prohibition of eating flesh taken from an animal while it is still alive 7. Establishment of courts of law The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Majors ideas into an actual philosophy, which they formally name Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer indulge in the vices of humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading). Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet governments revising of history in order to exercise control of the peoples beliefs about themselves and their society.[6] The original commandments are: 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear them of accusations of law-breaking (such as No animal shall drink alcohol having to excess appended to it and No animal shall sleep in a bed with with sheets added to it). The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded: 1. No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets. 2. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. 3. No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Eventually these are replaced with the maxims, All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others, and Four legs good, two legs better! as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans, and by prevent animals from following the humans evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.[7] Characters Pigs Old Major – An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspiration  that fuels the Rebellion in the book. He is an allegory of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, the founders of communism, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display also recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.[8][9] Napoleon – A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way,[10] An allegory ofJoseph Stalin,[8] Napoleon is the main villain of Animal Farm. In the first French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called Cà ©sar, the French form of Caesar,[3] although another translation has him as Napolà ©on.[11] Snowball – Napoleons rival and original head of the farm after Jones overthrow. He is mainly based on Leon Trotsky,[8] but also combines elements from Vladimir Lenin.[9] Squealer – A small white fat porker who serves as Napoleons right hand pig and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of Molotov.[8] Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of Beasts of England is banned. The Piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not explicitly stated) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality. The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleons takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed. Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleons food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon. Humans Mr Jones – The former owner of the farm, Jones is a very heavy drinker. The animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them. Mr Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon, represents Germany. Mr Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, represents Britain. Mr Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon for the public relations of Animal Farm to human society, who is eventually used to procure luxuries like alcohol for the pigs. Equines Boxer – Boxer is a loyal, kind, dedicated, and respectable horse, although quite dim-witted. Clover – Boxers companion, constantly caring for him; she also acts as a matriarch of sorts for the other horses and the other animals in general. Mollie – Mollie is a self-centred, self-indulgent and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution. Benjamin – Benjamin, a donkey, is one of the oldest animals. He has the worst temper, but is also one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is one of the few who can actually read. He is skeptical and pessimistic, his most-often-made statement being Life will go on as it has always gone on – that is, badly.[12] Other animals Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read. The Puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, taken away from them by Napoleon at birth and reared by Napoleon to be his security force. Moses – An old raven who occasionally visits the farm, regaling its denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he avers that all animals go when they die—but only if they work hard. He is interpreted as symbolising the Russian Orthodox Church, with Sugarcandy Mountain an allusion to Heaven for the animals.[13] The Sheep – They show limited understanding of the situations but nonetheless blindly support Napoleons ideals. The Hens – The hens are among the first to rebel against Napoleon. The Cows – Their milk is stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them, and is stirred into the pigs mash every day while the other animals are denied such luxuries. The Cat – Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods, and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she purred so affectionately that is was impossible not to believe in her good intentions.[14] She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually voted on both sides.[14] Glossary of Terms Coccidiosis: a parasitic infection that causes bloody diarrhea and sudden death in animals Communism: a theory or system of social organization based on the  holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; in practice, communism is often a totalitarian system of government Comrade: a fellow member of a political party; a member of the Communist party Disinter: to exhume; to unearth that which is buried Proletariat: in Marxism, the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive Propaganda: information, ideas, or rumors disseminated to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, or other entity Regime: a mode or system of rule or government; such a system when in power Socialism: a theory or system of social organization that advocates vesting the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, and other assets in the community as a whole Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution Tushes: small, short tusks such as those belonging to a boar. Major Themes The Soviet Union under Stalinism Animal Farm is a satire of totalitarian governments in their many guises. But Orwell composed the book for a more specific purpose: to serve as a cautionary tale about Stalinism. It was for this reason that he faced  such difficulty in getting the book published; by the time Animal Farm was ready to meet its readers, the Allies were cooperating with the Soviet Union. The allegorical characters of the novel represent specific historical figures and different factions of Imperial Russian and Soviet society. These include Karl Marx (Major), Vladimir Lenin (Major), Leon Trotsky (Snowball), Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), Adolf Hitler (Frederick), the Allies (Pilkington), the peasants (Boxer), the elite (Mollie), and the church (Moses). The resemblance of some of the novel’s events to events in Soviet history is indubitable. For example, Snowball’s and Napoleon’s power struggle is a direct allegory of Trotsky’s and Stalin’s. Frederick’s trade agreement with Napoleon, and his subsequent breaking of the agreement, represents the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact that preceded World War II. The following Battle of the Windmill represents World War II itself. Despite his fairy-tale clarity in satirizing some historical events, Orwell is less specific about others. For example, the executions in Chapter VII conflate the Red Terror with the Great Purge. The executions themselves bear resemblance to both events, although their details connect them more to the Moscow Trials than to the Red Terror. Squealer’s subsequent announcement that the executions have ended the Rebellion connects them to the period of the Red Terror, however. Orwell leaves some ambiguity in the identities of the Rebellion and the Battle of the Cowshed. These ambiguities help the reader focus on the overall satire of Stalinism and the broader warning about the evils of totalitarian government. The Inevitability of Totalitarianism Orwell held the pessimistic belief that totalitarianism was inevitable, even in the West. According to Russell Baker, who wrote the preface to Animal Farm’s 1996 Signet Classics version, Orwell’s pessimism stemmed from his having grown up in an age of dictatorship. Witnessing Hitler’s and Stalin’s movements from afar, as well as fighting totalitarianism in the Spanish Civil War, Orwell came to believe in the rise of a new species of autocrat, worse even than the tyrants of old. This cynicism is reflected in  both of his highly successful novels, Animal Farm and 1984. Orwell emphasizes the insidiousness of totalitarianism early in the novel, when the pigs take the fresh milk and apples. The pigs justify their actions on the basis of their superiority; they are smart and need more nutrition than the other animals to fuel their brainpower. There is no scientific basis for the pigs’ claim—in fact, if anyone needs more food to fuel their labor, it is the manual laborers—but they can count on the animals’ being too ignorant to realize that. In this way, Orwell makes the point that totalitarianism need not be blatant in order to be operating. It can hide under the guise of the â€Å"greater good† as it did in the Soviet Union before the totalitarianism became obvious. Orwell uses a cyclical structure in Animal Farm, which helps advance the idea of totalitarianism’s predictability. The novel begins with Jones as autocratic tyrant and ends with Napoleon not only in Jones’s position, but in his clothes as well. Over the course of the novel, Napoleon essentially becomes Jones just as Stalin becomes an autocrat after pretending to espouse equality and freedom. Orwell cements this idea in the book’s final scene, where he writes, â€Å"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which† (139). The circularity of Orwell’s story prevents the reader from imagining a better future for Animal Farm. After all, even if another Rebellion were to take place, its leaders would eventually come to emulate Napoleon. According to Baker, technology turned out to be the force freeing people from Orwell’s age of dictators. But â€Å"technology† can be just another banner under which to rally the people. While Orwell does portray technology as a source of progress in Animal Farm, he points out that it is useless unless it is in the people’s hands. Most notably, even when the windmill is finished it is used for milling corn instead of its original purpose of supplying the animals with electricity in their stalls. Intelligence and Education as Tools of Oppression From the very beginning of the novel, we become aware of education’s role in stratifying Animal Farm’s population. Following Major’s death, the pigs are the ones that take on the task of organizing and mobilizing the other animals because they are â€Å"generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals† (35). At first, the pigs are loyal to their fellow animals and to the revolutionary cause. They translate Major’s vision of the future faithfully into the Seven Commandments of Animalism. However, it is not long before the pigs’ intelligence and education turn from tools of enlightenment to implements of oppression. The moment the pigs are faced with something material that they want—the fresh milk—they abandon their morals and use their superior intellect and knowledge to deceive the other animals. The pigs also limit the other animals’ opportunities to gain intelligence and education early on. They teach themselves to read and write from a children’s book but destroy it before the other animals can have the same chance. Indeed, most of the animals never learn more than a few letters of the alphabet. Once the pigs cement their status as the educated elite, they use their mental advantage to manipulate the other animals. For example, knowing that the other animals cannot read the Seven Commandments, they revise them whenever they like. The pigs also use their literacy to learn trades from manuals, giving them an opportunity for economic specialization and advancement. Content in the role of the intelligentsia, the pigs forgo manual labor in favor of bookkeeping and organizing. This shows that the pigs have not only the advantage of opportunity, but also the opportunity to reject whatever opportunities they like. The pigs’ intelligence and education allow them to bring the other animals into submission through the use of propaganda and revisionism. At the book’s end, we witness Napoleon’s preparations to educate a new generation of pigs and indoctrinate them into the code of oppression. Propaganda and Duplicity Working as a propagandist during World War II, Orwell experienced firsthand both the immense power and the dishonesty of propaganda. Many  types of governments make use of propaganda, not only totalitarian ones. Consider, for instance, the arguments that led many United States citizens to go along with the idea of invading Iraq after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks. Propaganda serves the positive task of uniting the people, sometimes at the cost of misleading them. Orwell takes a firm stance on the harmfulness of propaganda in Animal Farm while acknowledging its value for rallying a mistreated and disillusioned populace. In Chapter IX, Orwell demonstrates the positive value of propaganda. By this point, the animals are so downtrodden that they are desperate for something in which to believe. (Note the irony, though: it is Napoleon who has robbed them of their belief in the original version of Animalism.) The falsely optimistic statistics, the songs, and especially the Spontaneous Demonstrations give the animals something to live for. This chapter is an exception in terms of portraying propaganda in a positive light. For the majority ofAnimal Farm, Orwell skewers propaganda and exposes its nature as deception. Squealer represents a totalitarian government’s propaganda machine. Eloquent to a fault, he can make the animals believe almost anything. This fact is especially clear in Squealer’s interactions with Clover and Muriel. Each time Clover suspects that the Seven Commandments have been changed, Squealer manages to convince her that she is wrong. After the executions, Napoleon abolishes the singing of â€Å"Beasts of England† in favor of a new anthem, the lyrics of which contain a promise never to harm Animal Farm. In this propagandist manoeuvre, Napoleon replaces the revolutionary spirit of â€Å"Beasts of England† with the exact opposite, a promise not to rebel. In addition to being a source of manipulation, propaganda is an agent of fear and terror. Orwell demonstrates this quite clearly with Napoleon’s vilification of Snowball and his assurances that Snowball could attack the animals at any minute. He uses similar fear tactics regarding Frederick and Pilkington. The most egregious example of propaganda in the novel is the maxim that replaces the Seven Commandments: â€Å"All animals are equal / But some animals are more equal than others.† The idea of â€Å"more equal† is mathematically improbable and a nonsensical manipulation of language, but by  this time, the animals are too brainwashed to notice. Violence and Terror as Means of Control In Animal Farm, Orwell criticizes the ways that dictators use violence and terror to frighten their populaces into submission. Violence is one of the yokes from which the animals wish to free themselves when they prepare for the Rebellion. Not only does Jones overwork the animals and steal the products of their labor, but he can whip or slaughter them at his discretion. Once the pigs gain control of the animals, they, like Jones, discover how useful violence and terror can be. They use this knowledge to their full advantage. The foremost example of violence and terror in the novel is the pattern of public executions. The executions can be said to represent both the Red Terror and the Great Purge, but they stand more broadly for the abuse of power. For example, they are also similar to the Taliban’s public executions in Kabul’s soccer stadium in modern Afghanistan. Capital punishment for criminals is a hotly debated issue. Killing suspected criminals, as Napoleon does, is quite another issue. The executions perhaps best symbolize the Moscow Trials, which were show trials that Stalin arranged to instill fear in the Soviet people. To witnesses at the time, the accused traitors’ confessions seemed to be given freely. In fact, they were coerced. Napoleon likely coerces confessions from many of the animals that he executes. Orwell’s use of the allegory genre serves him well in the execution scene. Execution with weapons is a violent and horrifying act, but many people have become desensitized to it. Orwell’s allegorical executioners, the dogs that kill cruelly, portray the bloody and inescapably animalistic side of execution. Terror comes also in threats and propaganda. Each time the animals dare to question an aspect of Napoleon’s regime, Squealer threatens them with Jones’s return. This is doubly threatening to the animals because it would mean another battle that, if lost, would result in a return to their former lifestyle of submission. Jones’s return is such a serious threat that it quashes the animals’ curiosity without fail. The other major example of fear  tactics in the novel is the threat of Snowball and his collaborators. Napoleon is able to vilify Snowball in the latter’s absence and to make the animals believe that his return, like Jones’s, is imminent. Snowball is a worse threat than Jones, because Jones is at least safely out of Animal Farm. Snowball is â€Å"proved† to be not only lurking along Animal Farm’s borders but infiltrating the farm. Napoleon’s public investigation of Snowball’s whereabouts cements the animals’ fear of Snowball’s influence. In modern language, Snowball is pegged as the terrorist responsible for the infringements on the rights and liberties instigated by the pigs. Exploitation and the Need for Human Rights Exploitation is the issue around which the animals unite. Initially, the animals do not realize Jones is exploiting them. For this reason, Old Major’s speech is a revelation of momentous proportions. Major explains to the animals that they are enslaved and exploited and that Man is to blame. He teaches them not only what exploitation means, but also the fact that it is not inevitable. Orwell suggests that exploitation is, in fact, bound to happen when one class of society has an advantage over another. The opposite of exploitation, according to Major, is the state of being â€Å"rich and free.† Major’s ideas about animal rights symbolize the importance—and scarcity—of human rights in an oppressive regime. Gaining freedom does not necessarily lead people also to become rich, but it is better to be poor and free than poor and exploited. All the animals on Animal Farm are exploited under Napoleon’s control, save the pigs. Even the dogs, which work closely with the pigs, are exploited. The dogs face perhaps even a worse form of exploitation than the other animals, because they are made into agents of intimidation and death. Whereas Napoleon exploits the other animals’ physical strength and their ignorance, he exploits the dogs’ viciousness and turns them into villains against their parents’ wishes. Boxer’s life is a particularly sad example of exploitation because he exploits himself, believing wholeheartedly in Napoleon’s goodness. In the  end, Napoleon turns the tables and exploits Boxer, having him slaughtered for profit. By the end of the novel, we see clearly how the animals participate in their own exploitation. They are beginning to build a schoolhouse for the thirty-one young pigs Napoleon has fathered (perhaps an oblique reference to the â€Å"Thirty Tyrants† of ancient Greece). That schoolhouse will never benefit the animals that build it; rather, it will be used to educate the pigs and indoctrinate them into the cycle of exploiting others. Throughout the novel, Orwell shows us how the lack of human rights results in total helplessness. However, though it underscores the need for human rights, the novel does not suggest how to achieve them. After all, once the animals expel Jones and gain rights for themselves, the pigs take those rights away and the cycle of exploitation continues with new players. Apathy and Acceptance In the beginning of Animal Farm, the idea of freedom rouses the animals as if from a long slumber. Immediately following Major’s death, the animals begin preparing themselves for the Rebellion; just the idea of revolution is enough to motivate them, since they do not expect it to happen in their lifetimes. By the book’s end, the animals have become as apathetic as Benjamin always was. Despite the many hardships and injustices they face, the animals’ pride as well as Napoleon’s propaganda keep them invested in the â€Å"greater good† and the illusion of freedom. If Benjamin is the harbinger of apathy, Boxer is its antithesis. Strong not only in body but also in spirit, Boxer will make any sacrifice for the benefit of Animal Farm. With Boxer’s eventual betrayal by the leaders he served so unconditionally, Orwell lays bare another type of apathy—theirs. Far from truly considering Boxer a loyal comrade, the pigs treat him as apathetically as they would a mere object. Symbolically, they even make a profit by having him turned into literal objects—glue and bone meal. Boxer’s enthusiasm does not give him an advantage, but the other animals’ eventual apathy gives them a defense mechanism against the painful reality of their lives. It is no coincidence that Animal Farm’s most apathetic and cynical animal, Benjamin, is one of those that survives the  longest. Benjamin’s emotional detachment from situations, whether they are good or bad, keeps him from being disappointed. In his apathy and cynicism, Benjamin represents the stereotypical â€Å"gloomy† Russian and also the perennially pessimistic Orwell himself. Summary and analysis of Chapter I Mr. Jones, the owner of Manor Farm, stumbles drunkenly up to bed as the farm animals wait in still silence. The moment he is out of sight, they begin to bustle around, preparing themselves for the big meeting that is to take place that night. Old Major has called the meeting to discuss a strange dream he had the previous night. He is waiting for his fellow animals in the big barn.

Prosthetic Limbs : Past, Present, and Future Essay -- Prosthetics Arti

Prosthetic Limbs: Past, Present, and Future Abstract: The purpose of my research paper is to discover how artificial limbs work in conjunction with the human body, which plastics are used in prosthetic limbs, and if there are any better possible plastics out there that can be used. The 1.9 million people in America who have lost limbs find it hard to pay for them, since they’re very expensive, so I looked into materials used, which are currently plastics such as polypropylene and carbon fibers. However, there are still some problems such as slow reaction time so manufacturers and laboratories are looking into alternate solutions such as carbon nanotubes and microchips. Research is expensive though, so I do not see the cost of prosthetic limbs going down anytime soon. With the cost of everything going up, the price of artificial limbs are going up as well, some even reaching $100,000 just for an arm or leg, preventing many people from getting one, even though it may be necessary to continue their job and normal life (New Life and Limbs). Imagine you were a soldier in the Iraq War. There are about six hundred soldiers who lose limbs from the war, which are costly to replace (War Fuels Prosthetics). After serving your country you would have to come home with your life completely changed, especially if you don’t have enough money to pay for a new limb. By looking at how artificial limbs work with the body and which plastics are used, I will try to see if there are new plastics which can reduce the cost and make artificial limbs available to more people around the world. Although there are only 600 soldiers from the Iraq war who have come home with lost limbs and needed to have them replaced, other ... ...t-is-polypropylene.htm>. Newton's Apple. "Prosthetic Limbs." Reach Out Michigan. Fall 2007. National Science Teachers Association. 27 July 2008 newton/prosthetic05.html>. Ossur Prosthetics. "Prosthetics by Ossur." Ossur. 14 Aug. 2007. Ossur. 28 July 2008 . Patel-Predd, Prachi. "Sensitive Synthetic Skin in the Works for Prosthetic Arms." Ieee Spectrum Online. 4 Jan. 2008. 29 July 2008 . Singer, Neal. "Prosthetic Limb to be Controlled by Microchip." Sandia. Sandia National Laboratories. 29 July 2008 . The Associated Press. "New life and limbs for Iraq war amputees." MSNBC Health News. 8 Mar. 2004. MSNBC. 27 July 2008 .

Marx and arnold †individual in the class

Karl Marx was one of the most influential ideologues of all times. His ideas fired men to revolutions and empowered them as a class denoted by the proletariat to wage struggle against domination by the bourgeois. (Marx. Engels. Et Al.:1998). His ideology of individual empowerment contributing to class control over society holds sway amongst a large swathe of humanity even to this day. While Marx was a powerful believer in individual power, it was through its regulation that change in society was brought about. This change was not the way a person pleased or sought it to be but on the basis of history and as per existing circumstances. (Marx. Engels: 1986).   In the struggle of the classes, Marx believed that it was individual influence as denoted in labor power which had been undermined over the years by the bourgeoisie. The control granted to individuals through their work denoted labor power which comprised of the prime energy which created a vital force in nations. (Marx: 1999). Marx values labor power as it is the only means which can produce more value than its worth, thus this is the productive value of individuals.   (Marx: 2003).   Class struggle as per Marx begins with individual power generated by personal toil which is coagulated to destroy those elements which work against their interests. Thus Marx believed that the exploitative nature of individual power particularly amongst the bourgeoisie will be brought to an end through collective authority of individuals of the proletariat. (Karl Marx: 2006). Marx states that each man in a capitalist system works in his own interest and thus ultimately results in the destruction of the organism as a whole. (Aron: 1965). The ideal structure for harnessing individual power is thus felt to be the communist system wherein the power of each individual can be channelised for the collective good. An individual’s role is related to his role in class and economic relations and thus his power is also channelised in that direction. (Marx: 1999). The view of individual power held by Marx is thus of production, material creation and contribution to the class struggle. The individual soul loses its power in the collectivity of the class to which he belongs. Arnold was a poet in the Victorian era who is said to have guidance and rationality in an age which was increasingly industrialized and when individuals were losing their moorings to increased vocationalisation of human activity. By adopting the analogies of the Barbarians, Philistines and Populace wherein individuality was subordinated, Arnold attempted to bring back a sense of power to the individual. (Arnold EB: 2006). Arnold’s philosophy of individualism was based on the ability of the individual to change society by following a contrarian approach rather than just blindly following reality. Arnold abhorred the average man who he believed failed to contribute to quality in society. It is the individual who is not average, the, â€Å"remnant† as he called it who contributes most to the social order and democracy. A remnant is required to be humble and should look upwards to some standard. Once a majority of the people assume such a quality, as per Arnold, the whole society will rise above the normal. For raising such a social order, education was a key parameter. Education has to be humanist and religious and not merely utilitarian or sentimental. The scientific temper of education has been reducing the humane standards that people have.   There was a greater need for reinventing education to enable a holistic approach. (The Dialogue: 2006). Arnold calls for finding the best amongst oneself and then follow it. This self needs to be one which is the best and not what is upper most in the mind. An individual should not go against this, â€Å"best light† and ensure that this light is not darkness. (Arnold : 2000). Pursuit of culture which generates beauty and intelligence or what Arnold has called sweetness and light in individual is its main purpose. (Arnold : 2000)   Action by individuals should be guided by such sweetness and light. There should be no fear that such men cannot bear the trials of a tough life, by avoiding rough action. By relying on less random action people can confront such acts. Arnold believed that the central theme of British society was assertion of personal liberty. However he was clearly against individualism resulting in anarchy. (Arnold : 2000) Arnolds identified religion as per Christ as a force which was based on individual proclivities acting on himself rather than injunctions from outside. Thus the individual can gain control over himself and thus contribute to society. (Style : 2006). Arnold spawned the movement of humanism in the United Staes which provided the guiding light of morality from past civilisations for individuals to survive in a world which was turning towards greater individualism and materialism. (New Humanism : 2006). The strength of Arnold’s style lay lies in his use of the satirical and analytic to denote his theories which made them more explicit. (Genre : 2006). The individual power denoted by Marx is one which has been harnessed for creation, production and destruction. (Marx. Engels: 1986). It is power in the individual for action resulting from his labor, as against intrinsic power developed through intermix with education and culture. Marx wants to harness individual power to change society, to bring class struggle; Arnold wants individual power to raise the resistance of humans to survive in an increasingly materialistic and industrialized World. (Marx. Engels: 1986). The strength or power in an individual as per Arnold came from within, while Marx believed that individual power came from the society and the environment surrounding him. The power of individuals as per Marx rests in his ability to produce value through labor, it is to be harnessed collectively, on the other hand, Arnold believes in power of the individual which is derived from his culture and sensitivities and which guides him to do the right things for the overall good of society. (Arnold : 2000). Thus there was a major differentiation between the identification and use of power between Marx and Arnold. Reference 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dialogue. 2006. The Dialogue Of The Mind With Itself† http://www.nhumanities.org/arnold.htm† (30 May 2006). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture and Anarchy. http://www.authorama.com/culture-and-anarchy-4.html. (31 May 2006). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arnold, Matthew. 2000. Culture and Anarchy : An Essay in Political an Social Criticism (Collected Works of Matthew Arnold). Classic Books. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Arnold, Matthew. EB 2006. â€Å"Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Premium Service.http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9009580>. (30 May 2006). 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Humanism. (2006). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Premium Service: http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055477. (30 May 2006). 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Style. 2006. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/arnold/style1.html. (31 May 2006). 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/ej/2c4.html. (31 May 2006). 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Karl Marx. 2006. http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.htmlKarl Marx. (31 May 2006). 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marx. 2003. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/. (31 May 2006). 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aron, Raymond. 1965. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Basic Books. New York. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marx, Karl. 1999. Das Kapital. Gateway. New York. 12.   Marx, Karl. Engels, Friedrich McLellan, David. 1998. The Communist Manifesto. Oxford University Press, New York. New Ed edition. 13.   Marx Engels. 1986.   Collected Works. International Publishers.

Southwestern University

Operations Analysis Week 7Case Study 2:   Southwestern University A. See the Case Studies Assignment Rubric in Doc Sharing for assignment details. Complete the  three questions at the end of the case on page 95.Case Studies Southwestern University: (A)*Southwestern University (SWU), a large state college in Stephenville, Texas, 30 miles southwest of the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex, enrolls close to 20,000 students. In a typical town-gown relationship, the school is a dominant force in the small city, with more students during fall and spring than permanent residents.A longtime football powerhouse, SWU is a member of the Big Eleven conference and is usually in the top 20 in college football rankings. To bolster its chances of reaching the elusive and long-desired number-one ranking, in 2003, SWU hired the legendary Bo Pitterno as its head coach. One of Pitterno’s demands on joining SWU had been a new stadium.With attendance increasing, SWU administrators began to face the i ssue head-on. After 6 months of study, much political arm wrestling, and some serious financial analysis, Dr. Joel Wisner, president of Southwestern University, had reached a decision to expand the capacity at its on-campus stadium.This integrated study runs throughout the text. Other issues facing Southwestern’s football expansion include (B) forecasting game attendance (Chapter 4); (C) quality of facilities (Chapter 6); (D) break-even analysis for food services (Supplement 7 Web site); (E) location of the new stadium (Chapter 8 Web site); (F) inventory planning of football programs (Chapter 12 Web site); and (G) scheduling of campus security officers/staff for game days (Chapter 13).Adding thousands of seats, including dozens of luxury skyboxes, would not please everyone. The influential Pitterno had argued the need for a irst-class stadium, one with built-in dormitory rooms for his players and a palatial office appropriate for the coach of a future NCAA champion team. But the decision was made, and everyone, including the coach, would learn to live with it.TABLE 3. 6 Southwestern University Project Time Estimates (days) ActivityDescription Predecessor(s) OptimisticMost LikelyPessimisticCrash Cost/Day ABonding, insurance, tax structuring—203040$1,500 BFoundation, concrete footings for boxesA2065803,500 CUpgrading skybox stadium seatingA50601004,000 DUpgrading walkways, stairwells, elevatorsC30501001,900EInterior wiring, lathesB2530359,500 FInspection approvalsE0. 10. 10. 10 GPlumbingD, F2530352,500 HPaintingG1020302,000 IHardware/AC/metal workingsH2025602,000 JTile/carpet/windowsH810126,000 KInspectionJ0. 10. 10. 10 LFinal detail work/cleanup, K2025604,500The job now was to get construction going immediately after the 2009 season ended. This would allow exactly 270 days until the 2010 season opening game. The contractor, Hill Construction (Bob Hill being an alumnus, of course), signed his contract. Bob Hill looked at the tasks his engineers had outlined and looked President Wisner in the eye.I guarantee the team will be able to take the field on schedule next year,† he said with a sense of confidence. â€Å"I sure hope so,† replied Wisner. â€Å"The contract penalty of $10,000 per day for running late is nothing compared to what Coach Pitterno will do to you if our opening game with Penn State is delayed or canceled. † Hill, sweating slightly, did not need to respond. In football-crazy Texas, Hill Construction would be mud if the 270-day target was missed. Back in his office, Hill again reviewed the data (see Table 3. 6) and noted that optimistic time estimates can be used as crash times.He then gathered his foremen. â€Å"Folks, if we’re not 75% sure we’ll finish this stadium in less than 270 days, I want this project crashed! Give me the cost figures for a target date of 250 days—also for 240 days. I want to be early, not just on time! †Discussion Questions1. Develop a net work drawing for Hill Construction and determine the critical path. How long is the project expected to take? Start A-30 B-60 E-30 30/30 0/0 | | | 90/119. 9 | | 120/149. 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | I| | | | F-0. 1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | End| | | C-65| | 150/150 | | G-30| H-20| | | I-30| | L-30| | | | | | | | | | 180/180 | | 200/200 | 230/230 260/260 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 95/95 210/229. 9 D-55 K-0. 1 Critical Path The project is expected to take 260 days.2. What is the probability of finishing in 270 days? Project variance is computed by summing the variances of critical activities: O? 2p = 11,11111111 + 69,44444444 + 136,1111111 + 2,777777778 + 11,11111111 + 44,44444444 + 44,44444444 = 319. 44444444 Project standard deviationO? p = 17. 873 days Probability of project completed before 270 days. Z = ( 270– 260 ) / ? p = 0. 559 ? 0. 56 From table 0. 5 and 0. 06 ? 0. 71226 = 71. 23 %3. If it is necessary to crash to 250 or 240 days, how would Hill do so, and at what costs? As noted in the case, assume that optimistic time estimates can be used as crash times (Render 94-95) Render, Jay Heizer and Barry. Operations Management, 10th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions. <vbk:9781256081487#outline(7. 13. 13. 1)>. To crash in 250 days the following activities must be reduced the time specified:A – 10 days The total cost would be of $15. 000 more than the initial budget. The probability of project completed before 270 days would be: Z = ( 270– 250 ) / ? p = 1. 119 ? 1. 12 From table 1. 1 and 0. 02 ? 0. 86864 = 86. 86 % To crash in 240 days the following activities must be reduced the time specified: D – 10 days The total cost would be of $15. 000 + $19. 000 = $34. 000 more than the initial budget. The probability of project completed before 270 days would be: Z = ( 270– 240 ) / ? p = 1. 6785 ? 1. 68 From table 1. 6 and 0. 08 ? 0. 95352 = 95 . 35 %

France Military essays

France Military essays In 1783 a French foreign office report stated that if France continued down its long line of defeat after defeat, it would soon become a power of secondary rank limited to Continental Europe. Indeed, France in the years before the revolution could be considered a failure in war and all things having to do with the military. In 1763 The Seven Years War ended, depriving France of much of its colonial holdings in Canada and India. On the continent, the war saw an inferior Prussian army of 22,000 defeat a French army of 34,000. Frances support of the American Revolution beginning in 1778 ended in success for the Americans, but in bankruptcy for the French. Every French initiative during the conflict ended in failure. In 1779 a British fleet of 30 ships turned back a French fleet twice that size bound for an invasion of England. Attacks on the island of Jersey in 1779 and 1781, as well as an attempted siege if Gibraltar in 1783, likewise ended in failure. Why was the most populous, cult urally influential, and richest nation in Europe losing battle after battle? Perhaps a more interesting question would be how did this nation in decline rise to conquer all of continental Europe a few decades later? Yet more interesting is the answer. France under Louis XV and Louis XVI had already made the reforms necessary to transform the French army in to a force that was technologically the same as the one Napoleon used to conquer Europe; all that was needed were changes in its management and a revolutionary spirit. In other words, France during The Seven Years War and the American Revolution wielded the same technological weapon as it did during the Napoleonic Wars. All that had changed was the motivation and the leadership. In a century that counted only sixteen years when the European continent was completely at peace, there were great changes taking place throughout the militaries of the great powers in the 1...

Rn Heals Monthly Journal Essays

Rn Heals Monthly Journal Essays Rn Heals Monthly Journal Essay Rn Heals Monthly Journal Essay I. Activities * Took initial patient history for consultation. Assessed client for check-up and measured vital signs and anthropometric data. Administered treatment on patients based on initial assessment and findings. * Gave proper referral to patients to their hospital of choice that needed a specialist physician for their case. * Assisted the midwife in the administration of vaccines under the Expanded Program on Immunization. Administered BCG, Penta, DPT, Hep B, OPV, AMV and MMR to babies based on their immunization schedule. * Assisted the midwife during prenatal checkups. Gave proper health education to clients by giving them information on the prevention of pregnancy related illnesses. * Administered Tetanus Toxoid and skin testing for ATS to clients who just had lacerated wounds caused by accident. * Assisted the physician in the documentation of Medico-Legal cases. * Encoded disease surveillance data to PIDSR for recording. * Every week, we go on-site to assess patients for consultation and dispense medicines according to their individual case. * Attended the Community Health Team seminar held at Velarde Health Center. II. Learning/Insight * This month, I was able to administer treatments based on my clinical judgment. I was able to administer vaccines under the Expanded Program on Immunization. I was also able to administer tetanus toxoid and skin testing for ATS on my own. I am glad that I am able to learn and practice on this side of nursing; and at the same time help clients on their health needs in our community. III. Issues/Concerns * Clients lack proper health education regarding self-medication. They usually self-medicate by giving themselves antibiotics without prior consultation from a physician or from the health center. IV. Recommendation * Give clients proper education regarding antibiotics and its side effects. Explain to them that, what antibiotic works from before doesn’t necessarily mean that it would work on the client’s present illness; and that client may develop resistance to the drug if the certain antibiotic is taken regularly without change. JENEN L. VALERIO, R. N. LORENA I. CAMINO, R. N. , R. M. , M. P. H. Nurse Trainee Supervisor RONALDO I. CALINGASAN, M. D. City Health Officer.

CASE BRIEFING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CASE BRIEFING - Essay Example Hence, MGM sought damages while respondents claimed that they did not control or monitor the use of the software (Casenote Legal Briefs, 2009). 3. History: The district court and the court of appeals both had ruled the decision in favour of MGM with respect to copyright infringement but did not hold the respondents responsible for it and summary judgement was granted. MGM had then decided to move to Supreme Court appealing for summary judgement in their favour (Casenote Legal Briefs, 2009). 6. Reasoning: The evidence that MGM produced clearly showed that the respondents marketed and sold the software as tool that could be used to share copyrighted material. The respondents had a clear purpose of making profits from the violation of the act from the users. The respondents had actively promoted pirating. File sharing tools are not illegal and the manufacturers of the tools are not responsible for how the users use the tool until and unless the manufacturer actually encouraged infringement. I am of the opinion that the respondents encouraged sharing of copyrighted material on their software. Yes, the respondents cannot control how their software will be used once it is sold but if they generate a sale by promoting the software as a tool to share copyrighted material, then the main purpose of the software will be pirating. Hence, respondents should be held responsible for copyright infringement. Unlike the Sony Corp v. Universal Studios, the only use of software is to share files which can be copyrighted or not. In Sony, VCRs could only play already copyrighted content and in no way contributed directly to

Registered Nurse (RN) versus Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Assignment

Registered Nurse (RN) versus Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) - Assignment Example It is vital to note that there are certain duties that LPNs are not allowed to carry out since they are not qualified. Skills only handled by RNs in hospitals include hanging the first unit of blood during transfusion, carrying out the initial assessment of a patient and IV pushes. However, the working hours of RNs and LPNs are similar despite the fact that RNs normally carry out more of supervisory roles in hospitals and have a greater scope of practice (Ellis & Hartley, 2004). The amount of pay the two sets of nurses receive is also different due to the skills they hold and roles they carry out. A RN earns about $10 an hour more than a LPN. However, it is important to note that there are some LPNs who earn more than RNs depending on the duties they carry out and location of the hospital. The reason as to why RNs get more pay than LPN is because of their supervisory role. If any procedure carried out by the LPN goes wrong, it is their supervising RN who will be blamed. This is becau se they are meant to ensure that the LPNs carry out their duties effectively. It is hence essential to note that the most important difference between a registered nurse and a licensed practical nurse is the different duties they carry out in a hospital. An RN is expected to carry out the initial assessment of a patient and then write down a care plan on when the patient was admitted. An LPN is not allowed to carry out such duties, however, they may carry out a focused assessment and chart their findings during the shift and can later carry out all the patient care and charting after the RN is through with the initial assessment (Ellis & Hartley, 2004). Another duty that is only carried out by the RN is the educating of patients. This is because under the license LPNs are prohibited from interpreting data, or making decisions for their patients. However, LPNs are allowed to collect data such as vital signs that include blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose levels, and pain. Upon collection of the data, they are meant to inform the physician or the supervis ing RN for the interpretation of the data. This is due to the fact that LPNs are not certified to carry out this duty. Due to the limitations set by their licenses, it may seem as though LPNs carry out less work in the hospital than RNs. However, the LPN only carries out duties that she is legally allowed to do. This is despite the fact that an LPN may learn quickly on the job, and hence become familiar with certain medical ailments, and extremely well informed about the welfare of their patients from years of practical experience. In real practice, LPN may disregard these lines since they are blurred and not well defined. However, legally these limitations are extremely real limitations and not following them may lead to serious repercussions. It is vital to not the fact that several LPNs later on become RNs. They do so by enrolling for accelerated degree program, and this allows them to bypass the initial steps of the degree because they already have the fundamental education and hands-on experience working as LPNs. Some of the fields that RNs have been taught in school and are not familiar to LPNs include maternity and medical surgery (Ellis & Hartley,